Term
| What are the three stratified layers of the ocean and by what are they defined? |
|
Definition
| Surface zone (also mixed layer), pycnocline, deep zone. Defined by density. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the three Washington DC, England, or San Francisco has the warmest summer and why? |
|
Definition
| Washington DC, heat and moisture from the Gulf Stream. |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of wind blowing water horizontally? |
|
Definition
| Water comes up to replace the displaced water- this is upwelling |
|
|
Term
| Where is some of the most nutrient poor water and why? |
|
Definition
| In the open tropical ocean, strong layering isolates deep nutrient rich water |
|
|
Term
| What effect does downwelling have on the climate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Langmuir circulation? |
|
Definition
| Vortexes on the surface of the water (rarely disturbs ocean below 20 meters) |
|
|
Term
| How often do the direction of the winds across the tropical Pacific reverse direction in the Southern Oscillation? |
|
Definition
| Irregular intervals of 3-8 years |
|
|
Term
| How long does a typical El Nino last? |
|
Definition
| A year, although some have lasted more than three |
|
|
Term
| How do ENSO events affect life around Peru? |
|
Definition
| The Peru current slows due to reversed flow of water reduces upwelling, reducing fish and seabirds. |
|
|
Term
| Okay...there are now five layers of the ocean. What are all five? |
|
Definition
| Surface water, Central Water, Intermediate Water, Deep Water, Bottom water |
|
|
Term
| What is the mixing and sinking process called? |
|
Definition
CABALLSACKZZZZZZZ
jk caballing |
|
|
Term
| Name the deep water masses. |
|
Definition
| Antarctic bottom water, north atlantic bottom deep water, Mediterranean deep water |
|
|
Term
| Order the waves from smallest to biggest with typical wavelength. |
|
Definition
| Capillary (up to 1.72cm), wind wave (60-150m), seiche (large, variable), seismic sea (200km), tide (half earth's circumference) |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of El Nino? |
|
Definition
- Weakening Trade
Winds
- Increased Sea Surface
Temperature in the
Eastern Equatorial Pacific
-positive Oceanic Nino Index of positive .5 or more |
|
|
Term
| What are signs of El Nina? |
|
Definition
- Increased Strength of
Trade Winds
- Cooler Sea Surface
Temperatures in the
Eastern Equatorial Pacific
- negative ONI -.5 or less |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oceanic Nino Index- based on the sea surface temperature difference from El Nino average 3.4 region. |
|
|
Term
| What makes an element conservative or nonconservative? |
|
Definition
| Elements that vary little in their profile are conservative. Non conservative means they change their redistribution faster than ocean mixing time of 1500 years |
|
|
Term
Why more O2
and
less Si, N, P, in deepest
water at 6 km |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 parts of the Air Sea Heat Budget? |
|
Definition
| Short wave (solar) in, long wave (blackbody, IR) out, sensible (due to T difference) in or out, latent heat (cooling due to evaporation) out |
|
|
Term
| In what six seas does deep water form? |
|
Definition
| Sea of okthosk, labrador, greenland and norwegian, mediterranean sea, wedell sea, ross sea |
|
|
Term
| What are two equations for a deep water wave? |
|
Definition
| C=L/T, C=sqrt(gL/2pi) or 1.251(sqrtL) |
|
|
Term
| What's the equation for shallow water waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the two major oceans is older and what does that imply? |
|
Definition
| The Pacific is older, it's saturation horizon is shallower |
|
|
Term
| What classifies a deep water wave? |
|
Definition
| depth is greater than half it's length |
|
|
Term
| what makes a shallow water wave? |
|
Definition
| depth is less than its length/20 |
|
|
Term
| What waves are affected by the Coriolis effect? |
|
Definition
| All waves with periods over 20 seconds |
|
|
Term
| Why are south bay tides greater than golden gate tides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the disturbing force of a seiche? |
|
Definition
| change in atmospheric pressure, storm surge |
|
|
Term
| what are three disturbing forces of tsunamis? |
|
Definition
| faulting of sea floor, volcanic eruption, landslide |
|
|
Term
| Are most tides diurnal or semidiurnal and what does it mean? |
|
Definition
| Most tides are semidiurnal. They peak twice in a day |
|
|
Term
| When do waves start to break? |
|
Definition
| when depth is shallower than wavelength/2 |
|
|
Term
| What is a drowned river mouth? |
|
Definition
| type of estuary formed when sea level rose into river mouths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estuary formed when glaciers eroded u shaped trophs below sea level, deep w/steep sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| barrier islands/spit limit water intrusion. these are shallow, and mixed by wind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estuary formed by faulting or subsidence leads to coastal indentation |
|
|
Term
| Describe mixing scenario salt wedge |
|
Definition
| caused by rapid freshwater flow, tidal influence low to mod. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slow freshwater flow, mod to high tidal influence. tidal turbalence, mixes well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid freshwater flow, mod to high tidal influence. freshwater comes in goes a little on top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid freshwater, little tidal influence |
|
|
Term
| How old are the oldest sediments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are five important factors in forming sediments? |
|
Definition
| tectonic setting, proximity to continents, rate of production/delivery of material, rate of dissolution, chemical precipitation rates |
|
|
Term
| How do we learn about sediments? |
|
Definition
| sounding weights, echo sounders |
|
|
Term
| At what size does sedimentation occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what temperature does biotic production of CAco3 occur? |
|
Definition
| 5 degree celsius or higher |
|
|
Term
| what affects caco3 solubility and how does it affect it? |
|
Definition
| it increases with decreasing t and increasing p |
|
|
Term
| How does respiration affect the pH of the deep sea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does CCCD stand for? |
|
Definition
| Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth where rate of delivery equals rate of dissolution |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of CaCo3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is calcium conservative or nonconservative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are calcite and aragonite supersaturated? |
|
Definition
calcite= shallower than 700m
aragonite= shallower than 500m |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of siliceous organisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some calcareous organisms and what do their shells tell us? |
|
Definition
| Coccolithophores, foraminifera and pteropods. Shells show temperature and chemical conditions of water. climate recorders. |
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