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| Mutually intelligible varieties of a dialect that differ systematically from each other. sound words - predictable variants of a language - grammar differs dependent on region, social, and prestige = bundles of isogloss- communicative isolation over time |
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| personal - reflect individuals grammar personal way they speak |
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| dialect from a specific geographic location - |
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| dialect spoken in a particular SES, race, place of origin, gender |
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| sound only - phonetics - pronunciation of a specific region worsh/wash |
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| map showing specific dialects for an area - pop/soda - atlases a book of these maps |
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| geographic boundary that separates dialect differences pop/soda |
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| SAE - Standard American English |
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Proper English
1. idealization
2. none actually speaks it
3. not precisely defined |
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| language common to speakers of diverse languages used to communicate - pilots/English is international language - Trade |
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| word or phrase that replaces a taboo - means the same - powder room / toilet |
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| words used in casual speech - social groups - age groups - populations |
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| word particular to members of groups - |
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| situation based - formal/casual speech |
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| Tone used for situation based language |
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| gradable pair of antonyms high/low Low is marked/High is unmarked How high is the mountain? Not how low is the mountain? Low is used lest often. Princess is marked/ Prince unmarked feminine/masculine |
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| Language & Gender (genderlects) |
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| distinctive aspects of female or male speech manly courage / feminine wiles |
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| studied three stores at three SES levels NYC r dropping socially stratified (layered) - lower SES dropped the r more often |
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•r-deletion everywhere except before a vowel poor/poe
•l-deletion help/hep
•consonant cluster passed/pass asked/axe
•Neutralization pin/pen
•Loss of interdental fricatives ruth/rof
•deletion of "Be" "Is" "Are" "Am" |
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| ed es dropped affricate and fricative interchanged shook/check borrow me a pencil" double negative ship/sheep rid/read |
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| Used in the presence of a persons in laws - social taboos -society and cultural driven |
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| Regular sound correspondences |
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| The occurrence of different sounds in the same position u u u u o u between newer and older forms of same language. |
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| historical phonological shift - Grimm's law |
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| Genetically related languages |
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| single mother two or more languages developed from a common language - Italian and Spanish / Latin Ancestor proto language |
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| Proto-Indo-European (PIE) |
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| descriptive name given to the ancestor language of modern language families - Germanic, Slavic, Romance |
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| vowel shift that took place in history seven vowel changes |
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| words that developed from the same ancestral root English man/German mann |
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| 19th century linguistics that believed their is one sound shift rule for everything |
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| a sound, usually a consonant, comes to be produced with the tongue in a position in the mouth near the palate. ka cha ta moves forward on palate. |
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| compares two languages at same point in time. |
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phonological change in sound system of early ancestor of Germanic language formation.
*p>f *b>p *bh>b
*t>0 *d>t *dh>d
*k>h *g>k *gh>g |
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| Regular sound correspondences |
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| The occurrence of different sounds in the same position u u u u o u between newer and older forms of same language. |
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loss of case endings es,s,us,um,e, genitive case retains
nomanative = subject
accusative = direct object
genitive = possessive
dative = direct object |
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change in word order
exception - a- |
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broadening - meaning becomes broader Narrowing - meaning becomes more specific
Meaning shift - a word changes meaning elevation
degradation - |
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| reduce words(acronyms) - borrowed words - loaned words similar to other languages |
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| inappropriate for polite society - f**k |
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1. Children learn from listening to adult’s - imperfect pronunciation
2. Less effort theory - ease of articulation one sound influences another
3. Analog - generalization of rules
4. Prestige -
5. Borrowing from French and Scandinavian |
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| PIE Proto-Indo- Europeian |
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Germanic - English, German, Dutch, Frisian, Afrikaans, Yiddish, Danish, Iclandic, Norwegian, Swedish
Italic -Romance - Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Provencal, Romanian, Spanish
Celtic- Breton, Irish, Scots Galic, Welsh
Indo-Iranian - Sandskirt - Indi, Urdu, Bengali |
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| Comparative method of reconstruction |
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| deducing of forms in an ancestral language of genetivcally related languages. The sound change is regular and systematic (not significant) |
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| studies dead languages like Ancient Greek,Latin, and Sandskrit. Similarity between LT, GK, and SK. Common source with Germanic and Celtic had same origin. |
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| private letters - puns and rhymes - transcribing ancient languages by using artifacts and historical information to go backwards |
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| Simpler, native to noone, from european languages, people develope form to communicate, superstrate from most dominate groups, substrate from least dominate groups,Phonology - simplified phonemic inventory, Morphology - few or no affixes,very little irregularity,one 3rd person pronoun,reduplication. Syntax - basic word order SVO. Semantics - very small lexicons, words extended beyound meaning of borrower. |
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