Term
| The skin microbes found in the most superficial layers of the epidermis and the upper parts of the hair follicles are Gram-positive cocci .. |
|
Definition
| (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus sp.) and corynebacteria such as Propionibacterium sp. |
|
|
Term
| The nares (nostrils) are always heavily colonized, predominantly with ___ & ___, and often (in about 20% of the general population) with ____, this being the main carrier site of this important pathogen. |
|
Definition
Staphylococcus epidermidis and corynebacteria
Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pharynx (throat) is normally colonized by ___ and various Gram-___ ____ |
|
Definition
streptococci
negative cocci. |
|
|
Term
| More than __ squamous epithelial cells at low enlargement indicates salivary contamination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __causes 95% of all bacterial pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pneumoniae - it is found in the URtract of half the population |
|
|
Term
| Oral Cavity Normal Flora (3) |
|
Definition
Viridans streptococcus (cause of dental plaques),
Actinomyces sp
Anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the primary bacterium involved in plaque formation and initiation of dental caries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Small Intestines and Colon Normal Flora:
___(predominant organism, important clinical fact)
____ -> Anerobic
____ -> Anaerobic or aerobic
____(assorted gram negative anaerobes, important clinical fact) |
|
Definition
Bacteroides
Clostridium sp.
Escherichia
Anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the predominant bacterial species in the intestine of breast-fed infants, where it presumably prevents colonization by potential pathogens. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___-> A regular a component of the intestinal flora, that many European countries use it as the standard indicator of fecal pollution, in the same way __ is used in the U.S. |
|
Definition
Enterococcus faecalis
E. coli |
|
|
Term
| ____ may colonize the bowel and cause "antibiotic-induced diarrhea" or pseudomembranous colitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urethra may contain predominantly skin microorganisms including (3) |
|
Definition
| staphylococci, streptococci and diphtheroids. |
|
|
Term
| ____ colonizes the vaginal epithelium during child-bearing years and establishes the low pH that inhibits the growth of pathogens. Loss of this protective effect by antibiotic therapy can lead to infection by __ |
|
Definition
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Candida ("yeast infection"). |
|
|
Term
| Urine culture is a ___ procedure. The number of colonies is multiplied by the appropriate factor to give the .... |
|
Definition
quantitative
colony count per mL urine. |
|
|
Term
| Traditionally, growth of____ CFUs/mL has been used as the statistically significant number for the presence of UTI-this is based on quantitative culture technique used by most microbiology laboratories. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is the dominant pathogen in more than 80% of first UTIs women, men, and children, as well as in 50% of nosocomial UTIs; however, certain patient populations may have unusual organisms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____, a coagulase-negative gram-positive organism, is the second most common cause of UTI and accounts for approximately 11% of cases. |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
| (3) body fluids that are Sterile (always, keep it sterile when specimen is collected!)? |
|
Definition
| Blood, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| capsules protect bacteria from ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found on cell surface and fimbriae of Streptococcus pyogenes. Mediates attachment and helps resist phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis helps resist digestion after phagocytosis; type IV hypersensitivity reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy white blood cells that are phagocytes. Produced by staphylococci and streptococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroy red blood cells. Produced by clostridium perfringens (gangrene) and streptococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce clots in blood, which may wall off site of infection from immune response. Produced by some staphylococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down clots produced by body to isolate infection. Made by streptococci and staphylococci. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down hyaluronic acid which holds cells together in connective tissue. Made by some streptococci and gangrene causing clostridia. |
|
|
Term
| Gas gangrene is due to ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Breaks down collagen which forms connective tissue of muscles, skin, and other organs. Produced by several clostridia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Destroys plasma membrane of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Break down proteins in tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surface proteins that alter actin filaments of host cell cytoskeleton, allowing microbes to enter cells.
Examples: Salmonella typhinurium and E. coli. |
|
|
Term
| How Bacterial Cells Damage Host Cells 3 mechanisms: |
|
Definition
Direct Damage
Toxins (Most bacterial damage is carried out by toxins)
Hypersensitivity Reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced inside gram-positive bacteria and then released into surrounding medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the outer portion of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by Clostridium botulinum. Neurotoxin that inhibits release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and prevents transmission of nerve impulses to muscles, causing flaccid paralysis. Extremely potent toxins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by Clostridium tetani. A neurotoxin that blocks relaxation of skeletal muscles, causing uncontrollable muscle spasms (lockjaw) and convulsions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae when infected by a phage carrying tox gene. Cytotoxin inhibits protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells. Two polypeptides: A (active) and B (binding). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Streptococcus pyogenes produces three cytotoxins which damage blood capillaries, causing a red rash. "scarlet fever" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by Vibrio cholerae. Two polypeptides: A (active) and B (binding). The A subunit of enterotoxin causes epithelial cells to discharge large amounts of fluids and electrolytes. "cholera" |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal Enterotoxin: |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus produces an enterotoxin similar to cholera toxin. Other enterotoxins cause toxic shock syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Shock caused by endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria (E.coli).
Phagocytosis of bacteria leads to secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which alters the permeability of blood capillaries and causes them to lose large amounts of fluids.
Low blood pressure affects kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the circulating blood. This may or may not have any clinical significance because harmless, transient bacteremia may occur following dental work or other minor medical procedures; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and is often associated with severe disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Granules in cytoplasm or nuclei of infected cells. May contain viral parts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusion of several adjacent cells to form a single giant cell |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococci are catalase _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococci are Catalase ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an enzyme used by bacteria to induce the reaction of reduction of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. |
|
|
Term
| Coagulase test which is ____ for Staphylococcus aureus (generally accepted criterion for the identification) and ____ for all other Staphylococci. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an enzyme used by S.aureus to induce coagulation and convert soluble fibrinogen into fibrin which will protect bacteria from the immune system |
|
|
Term
| streptococci are classified based on their type of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete hemolysis of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial or green hemolysis of erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haemophilus influenza (gram ___) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Klebsiella pneumoniae (gram ___) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most often in children; a staphylococcal exotoxin (exfoliatin) causes sloughing of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hyaluronidase to break down connective tissue
Lipase and Proteases
Protein A: binds IgG prevents opsonization
Coagulase (forms fibrin around the bacteria)
Hemolysins and leukocidins: destroys WBCs., RBCs |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are associated with ...... |
|
Definition
| nosocomial infections; infections are associated with intravascular devices (prosthetic heart valves, shunts, etc.) but also commonly occur in prosthetic joints, catheters, and large wounds., |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pneumoniae Major virulence factor: ____ |
|
Definition
Capsule
The bacteria invade and grow primarily due to their resistance to the host phagocytic response. During invasion the capsule is an essential determinant of virulence-interferes with phagocytosis by preventing complement C3b opsonization of the bacterial cells. |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial Pneumonia on a Chest x-ray: |
|
Definition
| Localized to a lobe not diffuse infiltrates limits the diagnosis, excludes viruses (viruses have diffuse infiltrates). |
|
|
Term
| community acquired pneumonia is most likely: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sudden onset, chills, fever, dyspnea, and productive cough with purulent sputum, rales
Streptococcus pneumoniae (community acquired)
Others: Staphylococcus aureus (secondary, post viral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gradual onset, nonproductive cough, headache, sore throat
Viral, uncommon in adults; Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Legionella |
|
|
Term
| acute pharyngitis (“strep throat”) is due to Streptococcus ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection of the dermal layer, reddish patches with raised margins; infection often begins on the face. Due to Strep. pyogenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolated pustules that rupture and become crusted; highest incidence in children; probable mode of spread is contact (transmission from carriers or patients). Due to Strep. pyogenes |
|
|
Term
Cellulitis - destruction of solid tissue Myositis - destruction of muscle Necrotizing Fasciitis - destruction of fascia (connective tissue covering of muscle): aka the "flesh-eating disease
these are all caused by: ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Scarlet Fever is caused by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rheumatic fever: occurs as a delayed sequel to __________ throat infection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the leading cause of bacterial infection and death among newborns; causes sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis in newborns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Group __ streptococci are nearly always beta-hemolytic; related Group __ can manifest alpha, beta or gamma hemolysis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSGN (Acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ) |
|
Definition
is an acute immune complex disease characterized by the formation of antibodies against streptococci and localization of immune complexes with complement in the kidney.
PSGN occurs only after infection with certain nephritogenic strains of group A β-hemolytic streptococci |
|
|
Term
| The diagnosis of pneumococcal otitis media is contemplated. What is the most likely pathogen in this case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tetanus is caused by the bacteria _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Genera of Gram Positive Bacilli Includes: (4) |
|
Definition
Bacillus
Clostridium
Listeria
Corynebacterium |
|
|
Term
| Bacillus is __erobic and ____ Forming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium is __erobic and ____Forming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Listeria is __erobic and ____ Forming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium is __erobic and ___ Forming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal flora of colon that Causes disease only when leave colon and have access to other tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens causes: _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Listeria is a gram ____, ____ shaped bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria with "Tumbling motility"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Listeria monocytogenes is found in.... |
|
Definition
| Found in a variety of raw foods, such as uncooked meats and vegetables, as well as in processed foods that become contaminated after processing, such as soft cheeses and cold cuts at the deli counter. Unpasteurized (raw) milk and cheeses, or foods made from unpasteurized milk may contain the bacterium. |
|
|
Term
| Bacillus anthracis is Gram-____, ____ forming, and ____ shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Clostridium botulinum:
Gram ____
___ shaped
___erobic
____ formers: soil, dust
Transmission: ___
Infants: ___ & ____ |
|
Definition
positive
rod
Anaerobic
Spore
contaminated foods
Honey, dust |
|
|
Term
| Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium _____ diphtheriae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacillus cereus is Gram-___ and __erobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacillus cereus is a cause of food poisoning found in ___ & ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Enterobacteriaceae (most are enterics) are a large and heterogeneous group of Gram-___, ___ shaped. A basic characteristic is that they all ferment ___ and are catalase ___ . |
|
Definition
negative
rod
glucose
negative |
|
|
Term
____ It is the most common fecal
microorganism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eosine Methylene Blue (EMB) agar inhibits Gram ___ organisms growth; lactose fermenter have .... colonies |
|
Definition
positive
deep purple to black to the unique metallic sheen (E. coli) |
|
|
Term
| McConkey agar Has bile salts that inhibit gram __ growth; and lactose fermenters have ___-___ colonies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactose fermenterS (most important): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactose non-fermenters (most important): |
|
Definition
| Shigella, Yersinia, Salmonella, |
|
|
Term
What is the clinical significance of
fecal leukocytes and blood in the
stool? |
|
Definition
| Fecal WBC indicate bacterial invasion of the mucosa, rather than an exotoxin (released from the bacteria) induced electrolyte and fluid loss. |
|
|
Term
| Shigella: gram ___; motile?; ____ fermenter; H2S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella, gram ___rod, ___ fermenter, H2S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vibrio, gram ___rod, ___fermenter, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Campylobacter sp., gram ___ rod, microaerophilic and grows best at __oC. It is frequently isolated under these conditions using selective media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yersinia, gram ___ rod, non ___ fermenter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___: Causes diarrhea "rice water stools" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Salmonella is oxidase ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute bloody diarrhea suggests an "invasive" bacterial cause like ... |
|
Definition
| Campylobacter, Salmonella or Shigella. |
|
|
Term
| enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)O157:H7 will cause: |
|
Definition
| bloody diarrhea at first due to other contamination then a lot of bloody stools! |
|
|
Term
| strain ___ produces shiga-like toxins (destroys the epithelium), causes severe illness, and is a member of a class of pathogenic E. coli known as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). |
|
Definition
O157:H7
"this is not invasive like shigella, it is hemorrhagic" |
|
|
Term
| Shiga like toxin (SLT) is secreted by ____ |
|
Definition
| E. Coli – Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) |
|
|
Term
| Infected hamburger meat is a major source of ____ in the community |
|
Definition
| E. Coli – Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) |
|
|
Term
| traveler's diarrhea is caused by ___ |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxogic E.Coli (ETEC) |
|
|
Term
| Enterobacteriaceae Salmonella enteritidis Transmitted from (3) |
|
Definition
| raw eggs, reptilian pets, raw milk |
|
|
Term
Osteomyelitis
Sickle cell disease due to functional asplenism and defective phagocytosis of encapsulated bacteria
is caused by ____ |
|
Definition
Salmonella enteritidis
- also causes gastroenteritis w/ watery stool |
|
|
Term
| Campylobacter jejuni is found in .... |
|
Definition
| Unpasteurized Milk and Cheese |
|
|
Term
| What bacteria grows on the selective media at 42º C. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the organisms that can present like an appendicitis except its on the left side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the predominant species in the colon? |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic, Gram-negative rods (Bacteroides fragilis) |
|
|
Term
| The most common fecal microorganism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Yersinia enterocolitica Releases enterotoxin that causes diarrhea and is found in ... |
|
Definition
| contaminated milk; fecally contaminated water |
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria is Urease positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ may colonize the bowel and cause "antibiotic-induced diarrhea" or pseudomembranous colitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
______, detection of
bacterial toxin in the stool is the usual
way to diagnosis, not easily cultured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacillus cereus food poisoning
Emetic toxin (1-6 hrs); from _____ or
Diarrheal type toxin (8-16 hrs); from ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| food poisoning from Staphylococcus aureus is found in ... |
|
Definition
| Potato or egg salads, mayonnaise, cream pastries |
|
|
Term
| white creamy food can become comtaminated w/ ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vibrio cholera is Contracted from ... |
|
Definition
| drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated seafood, especially crustacea |
|
|
Term
| what is found in contaminated seafood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can infect an open wound that is exposed to seawater (Gulf Coast states, where the majority of cases occur)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typhoid Fever is caused by ____ typhi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____, a major cause of preventable blindness in Asia and Africa; Native Americans |
|
Definition
Trachoma
caused by chlamydia |
|
|
Term
| Direct immunofixation (DIF) antibody labeling. Red indicates ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ can cause Lymphogranuloma Venereum -> Progress to inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes and dessemination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ Disease in pet birds, zoo birds, turkey flocks. Caused by Chlamydia. Transmitted to humans by exposure to infected bird or dried bird excrements. An atypical pneumonia, HA, fever, macular rash, nonproductive cough, rales, consoladation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ _ Spread by respiratory secretions
Common, but not severe
Atypical pneumonia (without the purulent manifestation of productive cough, near normal lung examination, lung infiltrates on CXR)
Bronchitis, sinusitis
Serology for diagnosis
Is not a sexually transmitted disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells infected w/ Chlamydia will show ____ during fluroscopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________
Non-gram staining
Smallest free living bacteria, smaller than the larger viruses
Respiratory spread
Attaches to epithelium leading to necrosis
Atypical pneumoniae (“walking pneumoniae” do not feel sick) with fever, mailase, +/- HA, lung infiltrates on CXR, and hacking, dry and later productive cough, lasting up to 4 weeks, school-aged children and young adults,
Sore throat, bronchitis, otitis media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atypical pneumoniae (3 causes) |
|
Definition
| Viral, Mycoplasma, Chlamydial |
|
|
Term
Atypical pneumoniae symptom: (1)
_____________ on CXR |
|
Definition
Nonproductive cough
Streaky lung infiltrates |
|
|
Term
_______________
Species of Mycoplasma
Metabolizes urea (urea-lytic)
Causes urethritis and prostatitis
Normal flora of some healthy sexually active women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ziehl-Neelsen stain tests for ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The special mycobacterial culture media provides needed high ___ content for mycobacterium and is incubated in obligate ___ conditions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The organism ____ leprae causes leprosy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ is an opportunistic infection in patients who are immune compromised, especially AIDS patients. |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellullare (MAI) |
|
|
Term
| TB usually deposits in the periphery of what lobes? |
|
Definition
| the lower middle lobe and upper lower lobe |
|
|
Term
| primary TB usually deposits in ____ lobes and reactivates in ___ lobes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ipsilateral lymphadenopathy because infected lymph is drained along the interstitium to the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. - result of primary infection w/ TB |
|
|
Term
| ____ is characteristic of primary tuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progressive-primary TB is characterized by ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| venous drainage from lungs allows hematogenous dissemination of the infection. The small millet seed sized granulomas in this lung are typical for miliary tuberculosis. |
|
|
Term
| The contained TB infection in immunocompetent hosts is called ___ tuberculosis. |
|
Definition
primary
In most immunocompetent individuals, macrophages are successful in containing the bacilli, and the infection is self-limited and often subclinical. |
|
|
Term
| The term "____" tuberculosis is preferred to "reactivation" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria Classic Description: Gram ____ , kidney-bean-shped ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The only pathogenic gram negative cocci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meningococcemia (sepsis)? |
|
Definition
| Acute onset of fever, rash, joint/muscle pains, and petechial rash caused by Neisseria meningitidis |
|
|
Term
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Fulminant meningococcemia is septic shock caused by Neisseria meningitidis |
|
|
Term
| Gonorrhea is caused by ____ gonorrhoeae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neisseria meningitidis: Requires Special Media (3) |
|
Definition
Blood agar media
Chocolate agar (heated blood agar) media
Thayer Martin VCN media |
|
|
Term
| Treponema: Visualized with ... |
|
Definition
| silver stain, dark field or fluorescent microscopy (too thin to see on gram stain) |
|
|
Term
| Syphillus is caused by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-treponemal Tests cand result in False positives with (3) |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, elderly, viral infections |
|
|
Term
| Non-treponemal (Reaginic) Tests - used for "screening" |
|
Definition
VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test)
RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin Test |
|
|
Term
| Treponemal Antibody Tests are Used to ... |
|
Definition
| confirm positive non-treponemal screening tests |
|
|
Term
| Treponemal Antibody Tests: |
|
Definition
FTAB-ABS (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption Test)
MHA-TP (Microhemagglutination-Treponema pallidum test) |
|
|
Term
| primary syphillis is characterized by the presence of ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ Syphilis: Perianal condyloma lata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Tertiary Syphillis: |
|
Definition
Aoritis in cardiovascular syphilis
Gummas; localized inflammation in bones, skin, and viscera
Tabes dorsalis, subacute meningitis, and/or general paresis in neurosyphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are a mass of dead and swollen fiber-like tissue representing a localization of T. pallidum bacteria, which can form in the liver, brain, testis, heart, skin, and bone. Appears during tertiary syphillis |
|
|
Term
| The non-treponemal tests indirectly detects anti-treponemal antibodies using ____ antigen. The treponemal tests for ___ antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lyme disease can be caused by any number of different species in the genus ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lyme Disease is caused by ____ and manifests itself as a characteristic ___, called ___ |
|
Definition
Infected deer tick bite
bulls-eye rash
erythema migrans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bulls-eye rash of lyme disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deer tick that can cause lyme disease |
|
|
Term
| Borrelia sp. flexible, ___-shaped, gram-negative ___ with internal flagella |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Borrelia is not seen in gram stains so must diagnose by other methods (3) |
|
Definition
| serology, polycerase chain reaction (PCR), special stains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever
obligately intracellular Gram-negative bacteria
difficult to diagnose both clinically and in the laboratory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| productive cough currant jelly like indicates: ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Klebsiella pneumoniae, community acquired or nosocomial, gram ___ _____, productive cough currant jelly like; more commonly seen in patients (3) |
|
Definition
negative
bacilli
with COPD, alcoholics, and the elderly |
|
|
Term
| Infective Endocarditis most common cause: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ often seen as a cause of pneumonia in patients with cystic fibrosis and those with severely compromised respiratory defenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bordetella pertussis, gram __; __ shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pertussis, caused by the bacterium ___ pertussis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
chlamydia can/cannot be cultured?
gonorrhea can/cannot be cultured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haemophilus ducreyi: Gram ___: ___ shaped |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection caused by __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Case #14: This patient presented with a tender painful ulcer with ragged borders affecting penis and then the ipsilateral inguinal lymph nodes. The first signs of infection appeared about 4 days exposure; has negative darkfield examination of the ulcer and negative treponemal and non-treponemal serology. The enlarged lymph nodes (buboes) enlarge until they burst through the overlying skin. What is the causative organism? |
|
Definition
| This is Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a culture of Haemophilus ducreyi |
|
|
Term
| Humans are the only hosts for ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risks in owning a pet turtle or other reptile? |
|
Definition
| Salmonella serotype enteritidis |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in a newborn after a long delivery and prolonged rupture of membranes and is gram positive cocci caused by? |
|
Definition
| Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in a neonate and is a gram negative rod? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in a neonate and is a gram positive rod? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Purulent meningitis in infants and adults, except neonates, rapid onset, gram positive cocci? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in infants 6 mos to 2 years occurs because child is not vaccinated, gram negative rod? |
|
Definition
| Haemophilus influenzae type b |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in a college student or military recruit, epidemic, can affect any age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Rickettsia preferentially infect ___ cells lining the small ____ ____ by parasite-induced phagocytosis. Once in the host cell, the bacteria lyse the phagosome membrane with a phospholipase and get into the cytoplasm where they replicate |
|
Definition
endothelial
blood vessels |
|
|
