Term
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Definition
| occurs when environment changes exceed the capacity of the cell to maintain normal homeostasis through normal cellular adaptations |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of reversible cell injury characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the size and function of a cell or organ |
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Term
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Definition
| interference with the blood supply to tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| an increse in the size of a cell/organ accompanied by augmented functional capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of one differential cell type to another |
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Term
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Definition
| an alteration in the size, shape, and organization of the cellular components of a tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in cell cytoplasm and the nucleus common to all forms of cellular death |
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Term
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Definition
| when a localized collection of acute inflammatory cells produce rapid death and dissolution of a tissue, often resulting in an abscess |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction of the microcirculation characterized by movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| when digestive enzymes are released from injured cells into the extracellular space resulting in digestion of surrounding tissue including adipose cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the typical lesion of tuberculosis in which the dead cells persist indefinitely as amorphous, coarsely granular, eosinophilic debris |
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Term
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Definition
| an alteration of injured blood vessels with the influx and accumulation of plasma proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the death of single cells as a result of activation of a gentically programmed suicide pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in extravascular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| excess fluid in the cavities of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| edema fluid with a loss of protein content |
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Term
|
Definition
| edema fluid with a high protein content |
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Term
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Definition
| effusion/exudate with absence of cellular response components |
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Term
|
Definition
| effusion/exudate with erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| exudate with large amounts of fibrin from activation of the coagulation system |
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Term
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Definition
| effusion/exudate with prominent cellular components |
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Term
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Definition
| purulent exudate is accompanied by significant liquefactive necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular components that influence responses of the microvasculature to injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a peripheral blood component arising from bone marrow that plays a primary role in the initiation and regulation of clot formation |
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Term
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Definition
| cell within connective tissue containing receptors for IgE; when stimulated by an antigen, a variety of inflammatory mediators are secreted into extracellular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 20 plasma proteins that are a source of vasoactive mediators and play an important role in host defense against bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| products of complement activation which have potent effects of smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of recognizing, internalizing, and digesting foreign material or the debris of injured cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a specific molecule binds to the surface of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| the second phase of the acute inflammatory response; involves the accumulation of leukocytes at sites of tissue injury |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of cells in response to chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of low molecular weight chemotactic (involved in the movement of cells) proteins secreted by cells at sites of inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzymes involved in the intracellular degredation of phagocytosed material |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormally small presence of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a pivotal cell in regulating the reactions that lead to chronic inflammation; a source of both inflammatory and immunologic mediators |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphoid cells that are the primary source of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| cells often involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infestations |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages that have undergone characteristic changes in response to chronic inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the numbers of circulating leukocytes commonly accompanying acute inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| bursting of a partially-healed wound |
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Term
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Definition
| the renewal of a lost tissue or part in which the missing cells are replaced by identical ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of closely related proteins forming the white fibers of connective tissue, cartilage and bone |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate structure at the interface between cells and stroma containing collagen, laminin and other matrix components |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of glycoproteins in which specialized binding sites allow binding to a variety of structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules of the extracellular matrix formed by long. unbranched, polysaccharide chains which are covalently bound to a protein core |
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Term
|
Definition
| a family of cell surface receptors that bind components of the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| soluble proteins that bind to specific cell surface receptors, stimulate mitogenic (growth) factors, in order to modulate cell behavior during embryogenesis, normal tissue maintainance, inflammation, immune responses, and wound healing |
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Term
|
Definition
| a restoration of integrity to a injured tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| a reduction in the size of a wound mediated principally by myofibroblasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell with features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells that migrate into a wound 2-3 days after injury; their active contraction decreases the size of a wound |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell with features of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells that migrate into a wound 2-3 days after injury; their active contraction decreases the size of a wound |
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Term
|
Definition
| the orderly process by which a wound is eventually replaced by a scar |
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Term
|
Definition
| a wound in which only the lining epithelium is affected |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed in the initial response to tissue injury; consists of a richly vascular connective tissue that contains new capillaries, abundant fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| pronounced vascular proliferation starting 48-72 hours after injury and lasting several days |
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Term
|
Definition
| bodily defense mediated by cells involved in the inflammatory responses; is not affected by prior exposure to the offending agent |
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Term
|
Definition
| bodily defense mediated by specific sensitizing exposure to the offending agent (antigen); response is magnified by subsequent exposures to the same antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| an immune response generated against self-antigens as a result of a breakdown in the ability of the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that recognize specific antigens on the surface of another cell, and respond by intrinsic factors or exogenous signals from extracellular molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that recognize specific antigens on the surface of another cell, and respond by intrinsic factors or exogenous signals from extracellular molecules |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| killer or cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that bear membrane immunoglobulin and secrete antibody |
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Term
|
Definition
| a subgroup of lymphocytes that have the capacity to recognize and kill various tumor and virus-infected cells |
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Term
| mononuclear phagocytes (monos)/macrophages |
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Definition
| monos are found in virtually all organs and connective tissues, forming a filtering system for foreign material in blood; they also play a critical role in the induction of immune responses and resolution of inflammatory reactions |
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Term
| major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| an intricate system of membrane proteins that is the main target for the rejection of transplanted organs |
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|
Term
| human leukocyte antigen (HLA) |
|
Definition
| MHC antigen that allow for self-recognition during cell-cell interactions in the immune response |
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|
Term
| human leukocyte antigen (HLA) |
|
Definition
| MHC antigen that allow for self-recognition during cell-cell interactions in the immune response |
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Term
| hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
| an immune response that results in tissue injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type I hypersensitivity reaction; localized/generalized reaction that occurs immediately after exposure to a previously sensitized antigen |
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Term
| cytotoxic hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Type II hypersensitivity reaction caused by IgG or IgM cytotoxic antibodies directed against antigen on cell surfaces or in connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type III hypersensitivity involves tissue injury mediated by immune complexes (Systemic Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an acute, self-limited disease that occurs 6-8 days after an injection of a foreign protein; characterized by fever, arthralgias, vasculitis, acute kidney damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Type IV hypersensitivity; an antigen-elicited cellular immune reaction that results in tissue damage but does not require the participation of antibodies |
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|
Term
| delayed-type hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| a tissue reaction that occurs in response to the subcutaneous injection of a soluble antigen, reaching peak intensity 24-48 hours after injection |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs within minutes to hours after organ/tissue transplantation; mediated by preformed antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs within minutes to hours after organ/tissue transplantation; mediated by preformed antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs in the first few weeks after tissue transplantation probably involving both cell-mediated and humoral mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs several months to years after transplantation and show histologic changes very different from the acute pattern |
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|
Term
| graft-versus-host reaction (GVD) |
|
Definition
| occurs in bone marrow transplantation when lymphocytes in the grafted marrow reject host tissues; also occurs when immunodeficient patients are transfused with blood products containing HLA-incompatible lymphocytes |
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Term
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
Definition
| chronic, progressive, fatal disease caused by the human immunodificiency virus (HIV) infection and destruction of CD4 lymphocytes leading to impaired immune function and a variety of defects |
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|
Term
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
Definition
| chronic, progressive, fatal disease caused by the human immunodificiency virus (HIV) infection and destruction of CD4 lymphocytes leading to impaired immune function and a variety of defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mutation that creates a deficiency of a normal gene product which controls cellular proliferation causing tumor formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| an uncontrolled proliferation of cells that express varying degrees of fidelity to their precursors |
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Term
|
Definition
| any of the various types of malignant neoplasms that derive from epithelial tissue; classified according to invasiveness and changes that indicate anaplasia; may be undifferentiated or resemble the tissue from which it derives |
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Term
|
Definition
| any of the various, usually highly malignant, neoplasms of connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct extension or spread of a tumor within the tissue of origin, with penetration of the basement membrane of host tissue and the surrounding extracellular environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of malignant cells from one site to another not directly connected with it |
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Term
|
Definition
| does not invade adjacent tissue borders or spread (metastasize) to distant sites; often identified by the suffix "oma", preceded by a reference to the cell or tissue of origin |
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Term
|
Definition
| tumor that invades and/or metastasizes where subpopulations of tumor cells proliferate; usually carry the same name as their benign counterparts, with the suffix "carcinoma" to indicate epithelial origin or "sarcoma" to indicated mesenchymal (mesodermal cells) origin |
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Term
|
Definition
| lack of differentiation in a cancer cell (degree correlates with aggressiveness) |
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Term
|
Definition
| localized malignant tumor that has not yet acquired invasive potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| agents that can permanently alter the genetic constitution of a cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| tumorigenic and transforming DNA sequences in human tumors that are mutants of normal proto-oncogenes which control growth and differentiation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a precipitous drop in cardiac output caused by pericardial fluid accumulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a discharge of blood from the vascular compartment to the exterior of the body or into nonvascular body spaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhage into the soft tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffuse superficial hemorrhages in the skin up to 1 cm. in diameter |
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Term
|
Definition
| a superficial hemorrhage larger than 1 cm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pinpoint hemorrhage usually in the skin or conjunctiva |
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Term
|
Definition
| an excess amount of blood in an organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| passive hyperemia; engorgement of an organ with venous blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| formation within a vascular space of an aggregate of coagulated blood containing platelets, fibrin and entrapped cellular elements |
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|
Term
| deep venous thrombosis (DVT) |
|
Definition
| thrombosis of the deep venous system of the legs |
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Term
|
Definition
| stagnation of the blood or other fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| the passage through venous/arterial circulation of any material capable of lodging in a blood vessel, obstructing the lumen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a unique form of gas embolism occurring underwater, where large amounts of inert gas are dissolved in body fluids forming gas bubbles in the circulation if the diver ascends too rapidly |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by severe trauma to fat-containing tissue as occurs in bone fractures, where emboli of fat are released into damaged blood vessels; appears 1-3 days after the injury and may cause fatal respiratory failure |
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Term
|
Definition
| an area of ischemic coagulative necrosis produced by total occlusion of an artery (usually by a thrombus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infarct that becomes soft, light yellow and sharply delineated 1-2 days after the initial hyperemia; typical in heart, kidneys, brain and spleen |
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Term
|
Definition
| an infarct that is distinguished by active bleeding into the site of coagulative necrosis from adjacent arteries and veins; typical in organs with a dual blood supply (lung) or extensive collateral circulation (small intestine, brain) |
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Term
|
Definition
| results when necrotic tissue of an infarct is seeded by pyogenic bacteria and becomes infected |
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Term
|
Definition
| edema fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| extreme generalized edema with conspicious fluid accumulation in subcutaneous tissue, visceral organs and body cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
| a syndrome that occurs when the heart does not pump and adequate volume of blood to meet the needs of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| increased fluid in the alveolar spaces and interstitium of the lung causing decreased gas exchange leading to hypoxia and hypercapnia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of an organ or part to develop or grow |
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Term
|
Definition
| congenital, partial, or total absence of pigment of hair, skin, and eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of an organ or part to develop normally |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of a series of alternate forms of a gene at the same locus. Ex. A, B, and O are alleles for the blood group gene. A person with blood type AB has the A allele on one chromosome and the B allele at the same locus on the homologous chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| congenital absences or closure of a normal body opening or tubular structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene located on an x-chromosome (formerly known as sex-linked) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| an individual possessing a mutant gene or chromosomal rearrangement which usually is not clinically apparent and which may be passed on to his/her offspring |
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Term
|
Definition
| the structural elements in the cell nucleus composed of DNA and proteins which contain the genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the presence of three homologous chromosomes rather then the normal two |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to a mating between individuals of common ancestry |
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Term
|
Definition
| the individual who seeks counseling. On the pedigree it is marked by an arrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| a failure of tissue to separate into parts which results in anomaly |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene (allele) which is expressed clinically in the heterozygous state. In a dominant disorder the mutant allele overshadows the normal allele |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal development of tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of a raphe formation or failure of fusion of parts that normally fuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of a raphe formation or failure of fusion of parts that normally fuse |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a gene is clinically expressed in an individual. Variable expressivity refers to the variation in severity produced by the same gene in different individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| the germ cells, egg, and sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| the genetic composition of an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| development of normal tissue, organ, or part in an abnormal location |
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Term
|
Definition
| an individual who has two different alleles at a given locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent carrying the genes for the same traits. When looking at a karyotype, the members of a homologous pair look alike |
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Term
|
Definition
| an individual who has two identical alleles at a given locus |
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Term
|
Definition
| underdevelopment of a tissue, organ, or body |
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Term
|
Definition
| the affected individual who brings the family to the attention of the geneticist. Also known as the proband or propositus/proposita |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of the normal involution of congenital tissue which results in anomaly |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of the normal involution of congenital tissue which results in anomaly |
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Term
|
Definition
| the picture of the chromosomes arranged in a standard order |
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Term
|
Definition
| when genes for different traits are located in close proximity on the same chromosome |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the position or place that a gene occupies on a chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| when one chromosome of one pair is missing |
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Term
|
Definition
| an individual who has two or more cell lines which differ from each other in chromosome number or morphology |
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Term
|
Definition
| the interaction of many genes and the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| an environmental agent, either physical, chemical, or biological, capable of inducing mutation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a heritable change in a gene |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of paired chromosomes to separate during cell division |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graphic picture using symbols that represent an individual?s family tree |
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Term
|
Definition
| frequency with which individuals carrying a given gene will show the clinical manifestations associated with that gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| frequency with which individuals carrying a given gene will show the clinical manifestations associated with that gene |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable characteristics of an individual |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable characteristics of an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| a gene (allele) which is expressed clinically in the homozygous state. In a recessive disorder, both genes at a given locus must be abnormal to manifest the condition |
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Term
|
Definition
| the x and y chromosomes which normally are responsible for sex determination |
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Term
|
Definition
| a collection or pattern of physical findings that occur together and have the same etiology |
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Term
|
Definition
| an environmental agent capable of causing malformation(s) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a rearrangement occurring when a piece of one chromosome is broken off and joined to another chromosome. An individual with a balanced translocation has the normal amount of genetic material, but it is rearranged and thus gametes could be produced which contain an unbalanced translocation |
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