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| A fundamental principle of anthropology: that the various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence, think Whole as in |
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| Also called Physical Anthropology, is the systematic study of humans as biological organisms. |
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| This entails using anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems, often for a specific client |
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| The field of anthropology that studies human cultures through the recovery of analysis of material remains and environmental data |
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| A detailed description of a particular culture primarily based on fieldwork |
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| The study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups |
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| Polish, He argues that people everywhere share certain biological and psychological needs and that the ultimate function of all cultural institutions is to fulfill those needs |
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| Worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases |
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| a society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. |
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| Helped categorize the many definitions of Culture |
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| Herbert Spencer coined the term to focus on social organization |
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| of, relating to, or being something that exists external to and distinct from the individual human being or the human body |
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| made anthropology courses a common part of college and university curricula |
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| a fundamental and sometimes intangible notion covering the recognition, observation, nature, and stability of patterns and relationships of entities. |
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| A system of communication using sounds or gestures that are put together in meaningful ways according to a set of rules |
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| a language is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common |
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| A combination of french and english mainly spoken in Louisiana and the Mississippi delta |
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| refers to a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers |
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| He was one of the creators of what is now called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
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| The linguistic relativity principle (also known as the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) is the idea that the varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it. |
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| the process by which a person learns the requirements of the culture by which he or she is surrounded |
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| referring to things and events removed in space and time |
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| any systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a prediction or predictable type of outcome |
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| In ethnography, the technique of learning a peoples culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied, as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time |
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| the study of human languages, looking at each language's structure, history, and/or it's relation to social and cultural contexts |
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| a description of behavior or a belief in terms meaningful (consciously or unconsciously) to the actor; that is, an emic account comes from within the culture |
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| a description of a behavior or belief by an observer, in terms that can be applied to other cultures |
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| the belief that the ways of one's culture are the only proper ones |
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| applied subfield of physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes |
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| expresses a concept of the universal essential humanity as unencumbered by civilization; the normal essence of an unfettered human. |
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| a theory of education that acquisition of social competence happens exclusively or primarily in a social group |
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| an aficionado of antiquities or things of the past |
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| is the process whereby an organism becomes better suited to its habitat |
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| considered representative of cultural evolutionism |
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| a sign, sound, emblem, or other thing that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way |
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| developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies |
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| refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals, groups, nations, or ideas drives social evolution in human societies |
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| a popularizer of the insights of anthropology into modern American and Western culture |
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| the economic foundation of a society, including its subsistence practices and the tools and other material equipment used to make a living |
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| best known for his work on cultural evolution and Native Americans |
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| a type of society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state |
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| believed that Western culture is the contemporary pinnacle of social evolution |
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| customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things |
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| It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past |
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| a society's shared sense of identity and worldview. the collective body of ideas beliefs and values by which a group of people makes sense of the world- its shape challenges and opportunities- and their place in it. This includes religion and national ideology |
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| a system of notating and analyzing postures, facials expressions, and bodily motions that convey messages |
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| the cross cultural study of humankind's perception and use of space |
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| the smallest unit in sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language |
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| the smallest unit of sound that carries a meaning in language. it is distinct from a phoneme, which can alter meaning but has no meaning by itself |
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| the systematic identification and description of distinctive speech sounds in a language |
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| the view that every event, including human cognition, behavior, decision, and action, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences |
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| analogy between human beliefs, practices or artifacts owing to genetic or historical connections |
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| a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation |
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| an approach in historical linguistics for estimating the time at which languages diverged, based on the assumption that the basic (core) vocabulary of a language changes at a constant average rate |
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