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Definition
| NOT in the UN Charter, but by late 1940s becomes clear that, in order to keep peace, UN must have power to INTERVENE in post-conflict states; key figures: Ralphe Bunche, Lester Pearson, Dag Hammarskjold |
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Term
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Definition
| this is where the power of the UN lies; 15 members (5 permanent and 10 rotating); permanent 5 have ability to veto; deals with all matters of sanctions and force, peacekeeping and resolutions; resolutions are law-like; UNSC calls for REFORM |
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Definition
| 1948; UN Truce Supervision Organizations; force sent to ground in Middle East; still in place today |
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| 1949; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan; still in place today |
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Definition
| Ch VI: pacific settlement of disputs, Ch VII: use of force; peacekeeping interpreted as in the middle; develops from NEED |
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Term
| UN Classical Peacekeeping |
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Definition
| ALWAYS post-conflict; engaged only in self-defense; lightly armed; duties include: monitoring, collecting info, reporting, and buffering (ie physically coming between conflict states) |
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Term
| New Era in UN Peacekeeping |
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Definition
| Peacekeeping expands; Cold War ends which mean states can cooperate without fear of security dilemma and there is a vaccuum as states pull out of other areas; definite need for peacekeeping in failed states |
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Definition
| Secretary General of UN appointed after Cold War; calls for "massive expansion of peacekeeping"; creates UNDPKO/UN Deparment of Peacekeeping |
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Term
CASE STUDY: Cambodia & UNTAC |
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Definition
Cambodia gets Independence in 1954; Sihanouk in power; in 1970s, proved too LEFTIST for Cambodian military and is overthrown/exiled; turmoil, genocide, civil war; to reach a peace settlement, UN sponsors UNTAC Mission: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1991-1993) UNTAC Mission:massive peacebuilding mandated: disarmament of military, refugee repatriations, elections, emphasis on human rights, economic/infrastructure development, civil administration Creation of Gov't: judiciary, law and order, constitution, etc. Result: worked for some time; 22,000 people involved and 1.7 billion dollars spent |
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Definition
at first, very positive and inspired support for UN Peacekeeping; elections were held, refugees returned, most politiical violence ended, government created, etc
But, after a year situation looks more dim, Khmer Rouge once again used guerilla warfare, some successes disintegrated; but still, overall, a great success |
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Term
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Definition
| laws that apply to states across borders; subject to change; based on strong international norms; "serious inherent problems in concept"; biggest problem: enforcing the laws = difference between domestic and international law (given problems with jurisdiction) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two sources of international law; signed, bilateral, multilateral,open, building block of international law; "treaties must be obeyed" |
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Definition
| 1 of 2 sources of international law; states accept a custom and then turn it into a treaty; "custom should lead to treaty--stronger law" |
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| UN International Court of Justice |
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Definition
| doesn't actually hold most of UN power; does more than simply hear crimes; looks to solve disputes out of court; functions only for states |
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Term
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Definition
| "Just War Doctrine"; these are the laws that dictate when to go to war/when the war will be JUST; UN only involved in JUST wars |
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Term
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Definition
| "war crimes"; regulates what is considered a war crime/what you can and cannot do in war |
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Term
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Definition
| Developes from need (Germany, Japan); seeks to answer "WHO commits war crimes?", |
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Term
| End of League of Nations; 3 main reasons |
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Definition
| too legal: forced yes or no decisions; too strict: needed unanimous decision; membership was never universal |
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Term
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Definition
| contributed to decline of League of Nations; Japan invades, the League condemns, but Japan simply leaves the League and collective security never materializes |
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Term
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Definition
| establishes economic structure of UN in 1944; stresses need for FREE TRADE |
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Term
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Definition
| 1944; creates formal structure of UN |
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Term
| Formal Structure of UN (4 key components) |
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Definition
| International Court of Justice, UN Secretariat, UN General Assembly, UN Security Council |
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Term
| Key Differences Between UN and League of Nations |
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Definition
| UN holds conferences, which allow nations to NEGOTIATE; structure is unique and avoids "power politics"; membership is universal; is not very restrictive or legal; is sensitive to humanitarian and economic functions (such as hyperinflation), PERSISTS OVER TIME even if experiences failures |
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Term
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Definition
| believe they work, because they offer the true promise of COOPERATION, mitigation of anarchy, uses neoliberal methods to get positive outcomes, reduces major conflict |
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Definition
| believe they DO NOT work; offer only a FALSE PROMISE; believe states just use their power in institutions to get their way, but have no real interest in collective action |
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Term
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Definition
| to settle conflict with the LEAST use of force possible, collective security, respect sovereignty (ie "norm of non-intervention") |
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Term
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Definition
| 15 members; handle all issues of force or sanction; five members hold permanent seat: US, UK, USSR, FR, CH |
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Definition
| all states have one seat and one vote; CANNOT decide on issues of peace and security; tends to focus on budget, debate, humanitarian issues; needs 2/3 majority to do anything |
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Term
| UN Economic and Social Council |
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Definition
| 54 members, voted in and out by General Assembly; works with policies regarding social and economic issues |
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Term
| UN International Court of Justice |
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Definition
| "World Court"; hears only cases of state vs state |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretary General is included; does the actual work, ie is the bureaucracy of the UN |
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Term
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Definition
| are nominated by the Security Council, elected by the General Assembly, serve 5 year terms, come from middle/lesser powers; limited power but heads negotiations and deals with the world's view of the UN; essentially: a figurehead |
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Term
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Definition
| advocate free market, free trade |
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Term
| International Institutions |
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Definition
| a LIBERAL concept; primarily: RULES; advocate/facilitate COOPERATION |
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Term
| International Organizations |
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Definition
| are physical/material; have actual mandates, members, charters, etc. can be governmental (IOGs) or non-governmental; examples: the UN, the EU, the World Bank, NAFTA |
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Term
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Definition
| created for a specific issue area. can hold institutions and organizations in any combination; examples: environmental regime, non-proliferation regime, free trade regime |
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Term
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Definition
| created for a specific issue area. can hold institutions and organizations in any combination; examples: environmental regime, non-proliferation regime, free trade regime |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutions of Government. Unlike NGOs, members are STATES; sometimes formed regionally (EU), sometimes formed for specific issue (WTO); post-Westphalia, aim to promote PEACE AND SECURITY/avoid another war |
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Term
| Creation of League of Nations |
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Definition
| After the utter devastation of WWI; IDEALISM/Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points calls for the creation of a League of Nations; 1919: Treaty of Versailles, League is created with initial 44 members (US NEVER JOINS!) |
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Term
| Purpose/Aim of League of Nations (and how?) |
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Definition
| to AVOID ANOTHER WAR; through use of COLLECTIVE SECURITY, disarmament, promotion of peace and global welfare; had some successes but it is hard to measure them, enough failures that it did become inactive & essentially replaced by the UN |
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Term
| International Political Economy |
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Definition
| the study of actions and interactions of states and markets in international system |
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Term
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Definition
| role of markets; exchange of goods, payments, services, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| originates with Adam Smith, Wealth of All Nations, FREE trade; states should not interfere with markets, markets should determine their own costs and qualities; competition, efficiency, innovation; reduce tarrifs on trade |
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Term
| Mercantalist view on Trade |
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Definition
| Alexander Hamilton "On Manufacturers"; monarchy and mercantalism go hand-in-hand; protectionism: protect state's economy from forces of market; supports barriers on trade flow in order to support LOCAL MARKETS, to protect against economic challenges |
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| Key Differences between Liberal & Mercantalist views of Trade |
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Definition
| in Mercantalism, economies work FOR the state; in Liberalism, state works for economy |
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Term
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Definition
| to support NATIONAL businesses, rather than trade; methods: tariffs, quotas, subsidies, restrictions/regulations, "economic nationalism" (ie "BUY AMERICAN!") |
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Term
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Definition
| the expansion of free trade everywhere, by opening up all markets and states to the global economy |
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