Term
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Definition
| People may not act aggressively or violently because they are poor or deprived but because they fell deprived, relative to others and their expectations. |
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Definition
| The result when both sides make their best moves in response to each other and we are able to identify this equilibrium outcome, to “solve” the game. |
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Definition
| States that internationally recognized, but whose governments cannot provide their citizens with even the most basic level of security and well-being expected of sovereign states. |
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Term
| Ethnopolitical Conflict (communal cinflict) |
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Definition
| loyalty and conflict brought about by racial, tribal, linguistic and religious lines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shocking acts of violence in which the main purpose is not the actual destruction, but the dramatic and psychological effects on the government and their people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Terror used by states against their own people to gain or increase control through fear. |
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Term
| State-Sponsored Terrorism |
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Definition
| International terrorist activity conducted by states or more commonly supported by states through the provision of arms, training, safe haven, or financial backing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposing groups increasing armaments because of the existence of those of the opposing group, motivated by fear |
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Term
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Definition
| Weapons that use massive amounts of energy released by atomic nuclei when they split or combine. |
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Term
| Weapons of Mass Destruction |
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Definition
| Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. |
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Term
| Mutually Assured Destruction |
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Definition
| A situation in which both sides cannot launch a nuclear attack without suffering substantial damage from retaliatory attack |
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Term
| Second-Strike Capapbility |
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Definition
| The capacity to absorb an enemy attack and have weapons remaining retaliate and inflict unacceptable damage on the opponent |
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Term
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Definition
| a nuclear strategy with second-strike capabilities, requiring only a small stockpile of nuclear weapons |
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Term
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Definition
| a system designed to protect a country from a ballistic missile defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in number of states (and potentially nonstate actors) that possess a certain class of weaponry |
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Term
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Definition
| weaponized chemical agents designed to attack the body’s nervous system, skin, blood, or lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| weaponized biological agents, including living organisms, viruses, and toxins derived from them, designed to cause disease and death |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which one state’s security is seen as another’s insecurity, leading to a vicious cycle of competitive power accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy of cooperating after an opponent cooperates and defecting after the opponent defects |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear force structure consisting of bomb-carrying aircraft, land-based missiles, and submarine based missiles |
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Term
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Definition
| The strategy of attacking an adversary if they appear to be on the verge of gaining the ability to attack |
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Term
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Definition
the process that produces agreements on the production, management, and use of weapons-their types, characteristics, conditions of deployment, and so forth.
Disarmament-the reduction of the numbers of weapons |
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretical statements about the rightness or wrongness of what international actors do, as well as the justice or the injustice of the outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A rejection in principle of violence as an instrument of national policy |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of principals that identify the circumstances justifying the resort to war, and once begun, the conduct of war |
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Term
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Definition
| In international law, the right that permits a state to use military force to reverse an act of armed military aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| The requirement that combatants respect the immunity of noncombatants |
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Definition
| When the legitimate aims sought by a state resorting to war outweigh the harm that will result from the prosecution of the war |
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Term
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Definition
| Individual military actions undertaken during wartime have both good and bad effects |
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Term
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Definition
| A community of mankind exists, and members of this community have certain rights and responsibilities irrespective of their status as a citizen of states. Polar opposite view is realism |
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Term
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Definition
| Between naturalism and realism. A viewpoint suggesting that international law consists of nothing more than the customs, agreements, and treaties that states actually make |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that concepts of justice emerge from the historical, cultural, and religious experiences shared by the members of a political community |
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Term
| Cosmopolitan (universalism) |
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Definition
| View that states do not acquire moral standing simply because they are legal representatives of the political communities inhabiting their territories |
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Term
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Definition
| Rights possessed by individuals because they are human, not because they are citizens of a particular state |
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Term
| Humanitarian Intervention |
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Definition
| Interference whose main goal is to relieve human suffering |
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Term
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Definition
| The claimed authority to try an accused individual whether or not the accused is a national or committed crimes against nationals |
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Term
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Definition
| The immunity of state leaders from prosecution by other states for their official public actions |
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Term
| International Institutions |
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Definition
| Broadly Defined, the formal and informal practices that constitute appropriate behavior in world politics |
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Term
| International Organizations |
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Definition
| The ways that states arrange themselves for purposes of promoting cooperative and collaborative practices in world politics, and the result of this process of arrangement is the creation of IOs |
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Term
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Definition
| When all members agree to oppose together a threat to the security of any one of them |
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Term
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Definition
| The employment of force for the purposes of conflict management or settlement, usually by way of separating warring parties and creating conditions for negotiation |
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Term
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Definition
| - Broad conception of human security , including security against violence, the provision of basic human needs, and the protection of human rights |
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Term
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Definition
| An area compromising most of the industrialized countries of the world in which the expectation of war is absent |
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Term
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Definition
| Deprivations enforced, often subtly, by repressive social and political systems that are resistant to change. Not actually physical violence |
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Term
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby stable democracies are unlikely to engage in militarized disputes with each other or to let any such disputes escalate to war |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that permanent peace could be achieved only by establishing a world government |
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Term
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Definition
| An institution with powers to overrule the members’ national governments on certain issues |
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Term
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Definition
| A group whose members experience mutual sympathies and loyalties, trust, shares self-images, and interests, communications, responsiveness, and we-feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who have attained, within a territory, a sense of community, as well as institutions and practices that assure expectations of peaceful change |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that international organizations should aim to solve problems arising in specific functional areas , after which those solutions may be applied to other areas |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that international organizations should aim to solve problems arising in specific functional areas , after which those solutions may be applied to other areas |
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Term
| International Policiy Economy |
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Definition
| The realm of combined political and economic behavior, as well as outcomes, taking place among state and non-state international actors |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic doctrine pursued by major of Europe prior to the 19th century. They amassed trade surpluses in the form of gold and silver as a means of maximizing wealth and power |
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Term
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Definition
| Shorthand for arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society to a greater degree than they do for other states or societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Shorthand for arrangements that improve the welfare of a state or society, even when those arrangements may be greater benefits to other states and societies |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions or threats to disrupt economic unless the target state modifies its behavior as demanded |
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Term
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Definition
| A states capacity to develop and manufacture the implements of national defense |
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Term
| Military Industrial Complex |
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Definition
| Sectors of society that benefit from spending on national defense, including the defense industry and the professional military establishment |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of arrangements whereby the government assists these industries deemed to be crucial to the nation’s economic strength |
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Term
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Definition
| The essential tradeoffs identified by critics of military spending. Military preparedness against economic performance during peacetime |
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Term
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Definition
| The economic benefits presumed to follow when resources previously committed to military competition are freed up, as after the end of the cold war |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of converting the defense-industrial base to civilian productions, and attending to accompanying economic and social dislocations |
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Term
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Definition
| Principles of economic interaction and organization that emphasize the importance of private ownership, free markets, and the unhampered flow of goods, capital and labor both within and between national economies |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which policies or actions undertaken by one state bring about the reactions or policy changes by another state |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which a state must absorb higher costs because it cannot pursue alternative policies |
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Term
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Definition
| The benefits of specializing in goods that a state can produce relatively efficiently, even if that state is not the most efficient producer in an absolute sense |
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Term
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Definition
| The benefits of specializing in goods that a state can produce relatively efficiently, even if that state is not the most efficient producer in an absolute sense |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy of restricting, but not eliminating, imports in an effort to maintain or nurture the economic viability of domestic industries |
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Term
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Definition
| Taxes or duties levied on imported goods in order to raise revenue or to regulate the flow of foreign goods into a country |
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Term
| Nontariff Barriers to Trade (NTBs) |
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Definition
| a protectionist measure such as a quota, voluntary export restriction, subsidy, boycott, or embargo |
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Term
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Definition
| An appeal designed to decrease demand for foreign goods in an effort to sustain the viability of certain domestic industries, and especially to protect jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A good, provided to the collective, that cannot be consumed exclusively by those who pay for it, or denied to those who don't; also called public good. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which individuals who stand to benefit from a collective good have no incentive to contribute, thus threatening the provision of the good. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy or pattern of behavior in which one actor undertakes similar action in response to actions directed towards it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complete set of rules that govern behavior in some specified area of international relations |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement to help states manage their exchange rates, maintain their reserves currencies, and regulate the movement of international capital |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of monetary regime in which foreign currency values are pegged to a common currency, like the U.S. dollar |
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Term
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Definition
| The right of the Internationak Monetary Fund to exercise some supervision over a borrower's economic policies, monetary or fiscal, as a condition for a loan. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aspect of monetary regime in which foreign currency values vary relative to each other in response to supply and demand in currency market |
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Term
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Definition
| A trade policy in which the state promotes certain export industries by providing government subsidies or other forms of assistance |
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Term
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Definition
| A pursuit of liberal economic policies while cushioning society against the the dislocations caused by exposure to international market forces |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation of a single market out of a number of separate markets previously defined by national boundaries |
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Term
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Definition
| an area where tariffs within the community are dismantled, but without common tariffs imposed on imports from outside the community as called for by a customs union |
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Term
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Definition
| A grouping of national economies that imposr a common set of tariffs on imports from countris outside of the group |
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Term
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Definition
| The nature of authority existing in a complex of intergovernmental and supernational organizations, such as those comprising the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to freely choose how to use or dispense with a particular good or service |
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Term
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Definition
| A game in which moving from a socially suboptimal to the socially optimal requires some confidence that the other players will not defect |
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Term
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Definition
| The expenditure of resources required to negotiate, moniter, and enforce contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| The multiplicity of interactions that bypass the governtments of states and impact directly on their domestic environments |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that interdependence elevates the importance of nonstate actors, international economic issues, and the resolution of conflict using nonmilitary means |
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Term
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Definition
| The descrepancy in development levels, both economic and human |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that attributes underdevelopment in the Global South to the features of traditional society, which will become transformed over time |
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Term
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Definition
| The value of exported goods relative to imported goods, which has generally favored manufactured goods over commodoties |
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Term
| Import Substituion Industrialization |
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Definition
| A strategy of promoting industrial development by substitutiing domestically manufactured goods for imported ones |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that attributes underdevelpoment in the Global South to the unequal economic relationships linking industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy of minimizing or eliminating ties to other economies in an attempt to bring an end to foreign penetration and dependence |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach to development combining local economic incentives with provision of essentials to the population, like subsidized food, health care, and education |
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Term
| New International Economic Order (NIEO) |
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Definition
| Economic arrangements more favorable to the South, including commodity price stabilization, development assistance and debt relief |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of countries often able to exercise influence over the market price of a particular good or commodity throught coordinated production and distribution |
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Term
| Export-Led Industrialization |
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Definition
| A strategy of specializing in the production and export of select manufactured goods in the hopes that other industrial sectors will also benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of spreading currency crises that may be driven as much by geography and trade patterns as by economic and financial weaknesses in the affiliated countries |
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Term
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Definition
| The threat to shared resources that comes from individuals having few inceintives to curb their destructive behavoir |
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Term
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Definition
| Natural resources that do not belong to any specific state and therefore do not fall under a states sovereign jurisdiction |
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Term
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Definition
| States that, when property rights are well-defined, there will be no market failures, including failures of the type assocoiated with trageties of the commons |
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Term
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Definition
| The pursuit of human, economic, and social development while at the same time preserving the ecological systems on which development depends |
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Term
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Definition
| A process of falling death rates and then falling birth rates experienced by developing societies, in the middle stages of which population growth is at its highest |
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Term
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Definition
| A metaphor likening earth to a spaceship with limited resources, in which human kind must learn to sustain itself without exhausting the ship's resevoirs |
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Term
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Definition
| A gradual increase in world temperatures, the permenence, effects, and causes of which are debated |
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Term
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Definition
| Threatened by co2 and other emissions, an atmospheric that screens out cancer causing ultraviolet radiation from the sun |
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Term
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Definition
| The clearing, fragmenting, or degredation of forests |
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Term
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Definition
| The number and variety of living things on earth |
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Term
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Definition
| A metaphor likening the earth to a lifeboat, and the view about the sharing of resources discourages responsible behavior and thereby threatening to submerge the boat |
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Definition
| Realists argue that people are greedy, only want power, are aggressive and will always cause conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of time that we are currently in, during which the major powers of the world have avoided war |
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Definition
| Cannot keep expectations low because of the increases in technology and their availability |
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Term
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Definition
| The inevitable growth of countries at different speeds |
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Definition
| A game in which the best strategy for both opponents is to defect, but that yeilds an outcome worse than the one achieved by mutual cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| laws governing entry into war |
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Term
| Super Intendent Principle |
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Definition
| Officer in charge is in charge and responsible for the actions and behavior of his subordinates |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that the best agreement comes from ignorance of whether you will be the victim or the perpetrator |
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Term
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Definition
| Salaam, peace were the idea of war is not even considered as an option to solving conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Sulah, peace but with the expectation and preparation for war, or military repression of war |
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Term
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Definition
| When countries take on too many commitments abroad, spend too much on defense, resource base eventually cannot keep up. Leads to internal decay |
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Term
| 3 Drivers of Economic Growth |
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Definition
| technology 1/2, labor force, 1/4, natural resources 1/4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot have everything, defense vs. civilian |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, limited government, government should stay out of the business of business |
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Definition
| Trade without interference by government interference or trade barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| Free market, government should stay out of business and the stock market |
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Term
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Definition
| Put tariffs on imported goods, to promote production of own goods vs. abroad, protectionism |
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Term
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Definition
| tariff wars, lessens debt, makes exports more affordable/valuable |
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Term
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Definition
| Goods with joint-supply and non-exclusiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| Goods or services that many people can enjoy without getting in the way of other peoples enjoyment |
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Term
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Definition
| A good or service that once provided can be available to anyone to enjoy without paying |
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Term
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Definition
| The enjoyment and use of goods or services without paying, because of joint supply and non-exclusiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| People voluntarily contributing to have public goods |
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Term
| Hegemonic Stability Theory |
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Definition
| The most powerful steps in to provide public goods |
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Term
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Definition
| General agreements on trade and tarrifs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Now in a zone of peace, in other zones where war and anarchy still exist |
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Term
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Definition
| government institution that can overrule the state government |
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Term
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Definition
| uniforms, observe laws of war, organized chain of command, carry arms openly |
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Term
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Definition
| state without any central authority |
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Term
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Definition
| serparate from governments, run rackets, running free |
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Term
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Definition
| human development index, by the UN. Determined by income, purchasing power, literacy, life expectancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Forcing others to suffer the consequence of one action |
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Term
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Definition
| Piece of property everyone has right to access |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to launch an attack on an enemy first and greatly reduce their chances or capabilities of retaliation |
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