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A set of simplifying assumptions or claims about how the world works.
They're often implicit (eg. stereotypes)
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| Empirical vs. Normative Theory |
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Definition
| Empirical theory seeks to expalin and understand what is happening in the world while normative theory focuses on how the world shoul world... |
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| The international system has no power or actor over the state that can force the states to adhere to international power. |
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| What is society comprised of? |
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Definition
| Individuals who buy into a system of norms that generate behaviorable expectations. These individuals share ideas about how the world should work. |
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| What is one of the most important "requirements" of international society? |
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| the stretching of political, social, and economic activities across political frontiers. |
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| 2 Impacts of globalization? |
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1. Events and decistions on the international level begin to have a greater impact on local areas and vice versa.
2. Intensification of interactions
Ex: H1N1, SARS, etc...
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Definition
Domino Theory: The idea that if Vietnam had become communist, so would Cambodia and other countries.
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| The overwhelming amont of power in a system rests with one player. Usually talked about in terms of military power. |
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| At heart, IR is the study of _______ and ___. |
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Definition
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| Why is International Relation's focus on War a quasi-bad thing? |
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Definition
| This association makes it easy to leave aside many other very significant issues. |
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| Hypothetico-Deductive Model |
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| A social science model derived from the natural science one. Knowledge is devised by paradigms and tests. Prediction plays a key role. The problem with this is that Prediction doesn't translate well to IR... |
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| The easing of strained political relations, especially those between the USSR and the US towards the end of the cold war. |
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| Sino American Rapproachment |
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| _________ tend to be the dominant way of explaining and understanding the world. |
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| Association of South East Asian Nations |
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| What is one reason why war has had such an impact on the study of International Relations? |
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| WWI- the idea of IR was first conceived around the end of WWI, the first total war. Over 10 million individuals died. Europeans and Americans were "shell-shocked." And then WWII came along and these ideas about war were cemented. |
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Term
The following quote defines what study of IR:
"Strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must." |
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Definition
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| What is the motto of Realism? |
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Definition
| Nature red in tooth and claw. |
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| What are the core elements of Realism? |
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Definition
Statism
Survival
Self-Help
Zero-Sum |
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| Expand upon the term "Statism." |
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Definition
| Struggle for order and security resolve. The state is the primary guarantor of domestic structure tat generat and perpetuate order and security. The state is the interface between domestic and society. |
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| What core element of realism anthropoporphizes that state and in what sense? |
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| Survival: That state attempts to remain alive. |
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What is one problem with Realism's idea of Self-Help?
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| Self Help gives rise to a security dilemma. Ex: Think of Rousseau's parale of the Stag Hunt. |
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| What are some aspects of Classical Realism? |
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Definition
The idea that drive for power arises out of human nature. Think of Machiavelli.
Modern Theorists argue for wise leadership and puruit of nat'l interests that are compatible with international order. |
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| According to neo realists, _____ and _________ make war, not __________. |
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Definition
| anarchy and self help, not human nature |
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| According to Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics, what are the 3 critical variables that'll explain international outcomes? |
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Definition
1. Organizing Principle: anarchy
2. Differentiation of Unites: None, all uites are states
3. Distribution of Capabilities: Power. |
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| What do structural realists attribute security competition and inner-state conflict to? |
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Definition
| The loack of an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system. |
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| What are the two different organizing principles that Waltz(structural realist) identifies? |
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Definition
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| Acording to Waltz and other structural realists, what is the key independent variable to understanding important international outcomes? |
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Definition
| The distribution of power |
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| According to structual realists, there are three different "polaritites" that the distribution of power in the international system can take on. List these in order of most stable to least. |
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Definition
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar |
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| What variant of Realism claims validity across time? |
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Definition
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| "Absolute gains matter more than relative gains" |
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| Relative gains are of a greater concern than absolute. |
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| Ways neo realists beleive that the balance of power can be maintained... |
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Definition
1. External balancing ex, states joining in alliances.
2. Internal Balancing ex, developing capabilities/resources |
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| What is the core question neo-realists seek to answer? |
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Definition
| How to survive in an anarchic system |
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Term
| What are the four elements of neo-liberal institutionalism? |
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Definition
1. Increasing linkage between states and between states and non state actors. (ex, red cross)
2. States are concerned about more than just the balance of military power.
3. International actors are tied together through a multiplicity of channels.
4. Military power is less useful as a tool of statescraft. |
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Term
| Core question of neoliberalists? |
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Definition
| How to increase cooperation in the international system |
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Term
| What are three similarities between neo liberalism and neo realism? |
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Definition
1. Both assume an anarchic system
2. States are the primary actors.
3. Both are status quo perspectives. They don't deal with change very easily. |
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Term
| Four differences between Neo Liberalism and Neo Realism? |
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Definition
1. Absolute vs. Relative Gains
2. Cooperation: neo realists beleive it's difficult and temporary. neo liberals believe that its easy and permanent.
3. Institutions: Neo realist beleive they have marginal impact which is dependent upon williness of state to play along. Neo liberals beleive that they play an important role in the global system.
4. Worlds of study: neoliberals: Political, economic, and human rights. Neorealists focus on security. |
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| According to this theory, the pie of global power grows. |
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Definition
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| When it was first created after WWII, what were the responsibilites of the IMF |
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Definition
1. To be a lender of last resort
2. Maintain stable exchange rates
3. Prevent balance of payment crisis
4. Be in charge of conditionality/structural adjustment.
Ex, we'll help you but you need to do something, like lessering trade system restrictions if you liberalize your economy |
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| What institution was designed to help rebuild europe after WWII |
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Definition
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| Since its inception, the duties of the world bank have expanded to... |
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Definition
helping poor countries
Eliminated poverty (or attempting to)
Infrastructure developement
Building up government capabilities
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| One difference between IMF and World Bank... |
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| The world bank doesn't impose conditionality, why the IMF does. |
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| Who elimated the gold standard and when? |
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Definition
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| What dollar amont was initially fixed to an ounce of gold? |
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Definition
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| What are liberalism and neo liberalism based on? |
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Definition
| Adam Smith's economic theories. |
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| Mecantalism is characterized by ___________ and _______. |
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Definition
| economic nationalism and protectionalism. |
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| Marxism encompasses both ____ and _____ approaches to the world. |
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Definition
| structural and deterministic |
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| This Latin American Theory is related strongly to Marxism. Tell what it is and explain a bit about it. |
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| Dependency Theory. The world is divided into the core and periphery, where money always flows into the core. |
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| An approach that offers a framework for understanding how actors operate with fixed preference which they attempt to maximize under a set of constraints. Neorealists and Neoliberalis both subscribe to this approach but reach differenct conclusions because of the wide range for interpretation allowed in this approach. |
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Definition
| Policies are influenced by historical and sociological factors. Mare attention is paid to the foundatin of interests and preferences. |
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| What is neo-Gramcian idea and what is its cheif question? It's answer? |
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| A body of thought under constructivism that seeks to answer whose interests and ideas are embodied in the rules and norms of the system. The HEGEMON!!! |
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| What does globalizatin encompas in an International Political Economy context? |
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Definition
*Tehcnological Revolution
*Deterritorialisation
*Liberalisation
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| What are the thoughts of globalists? |
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Definition
| The global ecoomy is emerging and states are loosing their capacity to control economic interactions. MNCs (mulitnational corporations) can simply leave if they don't like the economic policies of their home state. |
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| Skeptics of globalist argue... |
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Definition
| The trends globalists point to have been see before pre WWI. They argue that MNCs are still state bound and don't relocated very often due to needs for state based resources, an educated workforce, infrastructure, and proximity to major markets. |
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| Beliefs of Neo-Liberal Institutionalists |
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Definition
| States will join institutions to facilitate the cooperation necessary for the international economic system to function effectively and efficiently. |
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| Neo-Realist approach to institutionalism |
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Definition
| Institutions reflect the interests of dominant states. |
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Term
According to constructionalists, institutional interests are affect by ____________________________
______________ |
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Definition
| identiy and social structure of ideas, knowlege and interaction in states |
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| Like the neos, marxism is a _________ theory. |
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Definition
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| Unlike the neos, marxists believe that the _______ rather than the _________ systems should be pointed to as a principle of structure. |
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Definition
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| According to Marxinsm, what are history's 6 stages? |
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Definition
-Primitive Communists
-Slave Society
-Feudalism
-Capitalism
-Socialism
-Communism |
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| According to marxism, social science should seek ________ |
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| Marxist idea: Source of all profit is ______ |
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Definition
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| "capitalism is dead labor, which, campire-like, lives on by sucking living labor." |
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Definition
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| "From each according to his abbiliteis, to each according to his needs" |
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| Constructivims isn't a substantive theory. Instead, it's a ________ theory. |
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"Constructivism is about human consciousness and its role in international life.” |
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| overacrching cultural and normative forces |
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| emphasises importance of ideas. material forces arent irrelevant but their significance and meaning are shaped by ideation forces |
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| What happens in the world is more than just a product of combined individual events. Social structure plays a role independent of agency. |
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| What author/book formed the base of constructivism? |
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Definition
| Anthony Goddens, The Construction of Society |
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| Agents and Social Structures create and recreate eachother. |
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| What's meant by the social construction of reality? |
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Actors are produced via interactio with environment
Knowlege shapes how actors construct and interpret the world. |
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| What are the two logics of actions? Give examples of these w. the Black Friday ideas brought up in class. |
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Logic of appropriateness- get up at 4 in the morning so you can wait to get in line for the store.
Logic of Consequences- Why the heck would you want to get up so early in the morning for any reason? |
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| Guides the behavior of actors by defining what's appropriate or not. |
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| Observation of these norms define membership to a particular identity. |
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| Example that demonstrates the difference between regulative and constructive norms? |
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Regulative- Students shouldn't talk in lecture
Constructive- GA students wear white and gold on game days. |
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| What are the three defined cultures of identity? |
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Definition
Hobbsean- world defined by enemy relationships (US and Iran)(Realists)
Lockean- world defined by rivalry (US and China)(Neo-Liberals)
Kantian- World defined by friendly relationships (US and Great Britain) |
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| Constructivists attempt to ____________________________ |
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Definition
| recover the meanings actors give to their projects and objects they construct. |
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| Constructivists and the Nature of Scientific Inquiry |
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Definition
| They reject any possible union between science and the social sciences... Especially since timeless laws are almost impossible in ss |
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| Rationalism vs. Constructivism |
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Definition
Rationalism: Actors don't affect environment. Governed by logics of consequences mainly
Constructivism: They do beleive that actors and environments affect eachother. Understand that logic of appropriate plays a role... |
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| _______ drive institutional isomorphism |
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Definition
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Emergence
Cascade
Internationalization |
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| Is norms diffusion unidirectional? |
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| Yes. Underdeveloped world gets ideas from developed. |
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| Two main problems with mainstream theoretical conceptions. |
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Definition
Closely tied to Westphalian State System
Difference between past and present are minimalized. |
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| Three major historic systemic turning points. |
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Definition
40000 years ago- Hunter gathers begin to start long distace exchanges.
5500- first state-like institutions begin to emerge and interact
500- emergence of modern soveirnstate. |
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| According to Neo-Realism, the shift from ________ to ________ is what marks the profound political change in world history. |
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| The lont-term growth or contraction of the world-economy |
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| one that sees the world as something external to our theories of it. |
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| a theory that is one that thinks our theories actually help constuct the world. |
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| theoriries that claim that the natural and social worlds are the same. |
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| the study of how we claim to know somethings. |
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| Claims that all truth claims can be judged true or false |
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| "states made war but war made states" |
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Definition
| Tilly, historical sociology |
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| Historical Sociologists show that there can be no simple distinction __________________ |
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Definition
| between international and domestic societies. |
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Historical Sociology is basically a study of ____________________
_________________________ |
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| The interactions between states, classes, capitalism, and war |
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| Charles Tilly looks at how these three main kinds of state forms that existed ath the end of the middle ages eventually convered on one form. |
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| tribute making empires, systems of fragmented sovereignty(city states) and nation states. Nation States is the one remaing form, due to its military capbilities. |
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Term
Michael Mann studies...
He created... |
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Definition
the ways in which the various forms of power have combined in specific historical circumstnaces.
the IEMP(ideological, Economic, Military, and Political) that keeps track of the forms of power that combine to form certain types of states. |
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| What question does liberal feminism focus on posing? |
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Definition
| Where are the women in world politics? |
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| Socialist/Marxist feminism focuses on... |
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Definition
| the role of material and primarily economic forces in determining the lives of women. |
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Term
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Definition
| emerged our of socialist feminism and the idea of a particular class system. The goal was to try to think about how women as a class might be able to "envion" or see politics from a perspective denied to theose who benfited from the subordination of women. |
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| develops the work of post-structuralism to analyze specifically the concept of gender. |
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| works at the intersection of class, racce, ande gender on a gloal scale, and espcially analyzes the gendered effects of transational culture and the unequal division of labour in the global political economy. |
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| Post-modernism is essentially concerned with _________ |
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Definition
| deconstructing and distrusting any account of human life that claims to have direct acess to 'the truth' |
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| Post-modernists (specifically Foucault's) approach to genealogy |
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Definition
| to undertake a 'history of the present' and turn what we accept as natural into a question. |
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| Derrida(post modernism) sees the world as constitued like a text in the sense that interpreting the world reflects to concepts and structures of language. His two main ways of exposing tetual interplaus are... |
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| deconstruction and double reading. |
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| There is one single moral community with some rules that apply to all. |
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| The world consists of separate communities each with their own standards and no common morality |
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| The world is a collection of separate communites with some minimally shared standards. |
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| refers to the nature of human duty of obligation |
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| Kantain approaches to ethics... |
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| emphasizes rules that are right because they can be, in principle, agreed upon by everyone. |
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| Globalization lends support for what ethical theory |
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| Realists argue that necewssity demands a ____________, restricting moral obligations to the nation-state. |
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jus ad bellum (justce of war)
jus in bello (justice in war) |
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