Term
| What do neural crest cells contribute to suface epithelium? |
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Definition
| Melanocytes and Merkel Cells. Also form the dermis of the head and neck epithelium |
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Term
| What does mesoderm provide to suface epithelium? |
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Definition
| Mesoderm gives rise to Langerhans Cells and dermis (except dermis of head and neck) |
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Term
| What do surface ectoderm cells contribue to surface epithelium? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Differentiation of epithelial tissue is dependent on signalling from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dermis of the dorsal trunk comes from what type of mesoderm? |
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Definition
| Dermatome of Somites (derived from paraxial) |
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Term
| Dermis of ventral trunk and limbs comes from what type of mesoderm? |
|
Definition
| Somatic lateral plate mesoderm |
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Term
| Dermis of cranial skin and anterior neck from from what cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do fibroblasts produce in the dermis? |
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Definition
| Collagen and Elastin (two key proteins found in connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome? |
|
Definition
An autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which their is a defect in collagen production.
Symptoms are varies but many present with "loose" skin and hyper-motility of the joints |
|
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Term
| What are vascular malformations of benign tumors that appear in infancy? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Outer layer of skin cells that mix with oil from sebaceous glands to form a substance called Vernix Caseosa. Sloughs off by the 5th month |
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Term
| What is a Collodion baby? |
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Definition
| Baby that has not lost its vernix caseosa until after delivery |
|
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Term
| What is the composition of the outer layer of skin? |
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Definition
| Fully keratinized cells lacking a nucleus |
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|
Term
| What is Lamelalr Ichthyosis? |
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Definition
| This is a disease characterized by excessive keratinization of the skin. |
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|
Term
| What is a harlequin fetus? |
|
Definition
| Disease characterized by excessive keratization of the skin. Worse then lamellar ichthyosis, most infants do not survive |
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Term
| What are the signaling molecules involved in Epidermal Differentiation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of TGF Alpha? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates proliferation of skin cells |
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|
Term
| What is the function of TGF Beta? |
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Definition
| Decreases proliferation of skin cells |
|
|
Term
| What is psoriasis and what is its cause? |
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Definition
| Psoriasis is a condition in which skin cells mature much more quickly then normal. This has a symptom of constant skin shedding and is caused by overly high levels of TGF alpha |
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Term
| What is the function of melanocytes? |
|
Definition
| Production of melanin which acts as sun screen protection |
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|
Term
| Where do Langerhan cells come from and what are their function? |
|
Definition
| Come from sclerotome (paraxial) and lateral plate meso derm. Involved in cell mediated immunity in the skin |
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|
Term
| Where do Merkel cells come from and what do they give rise too? |
|
Definition
| Merkel cells come from neural crest cells and give rise to afferent nerve fibers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme that aids in the production of melanin |
|
|
Term
| What is Oculocutaneous albinism? |
|
Definition
| OCA is a congenital anomaly that has as its root cause a problem in the production of melanin |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) and how are they differentiated? |
|
Definition
Type I: complete lack of melanin production
Type II: repressed production of melanin
Piebaldism: sections of skin function normally while others do not. |
|
|
Term
| What is Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa? |
|
Definition
| Genetic mutation (laminin 5). Results in poor cell adhesion. |
|
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Term
| What are the epidermal appendages characterized by a downgrowth of the epidermis into the dermis? |
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Definition
1. Sweat glands
2. Hair
3. Sebaceous Glands
4. Nails
5. Mammary Glands
6. Teeth |
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|
Term
| What is the function of sebaceous glands? |
|
Definition
| Produces sebum (oily secretion). Combines with periderm in infants to make vernix caseosa |
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|
Term
| What is Hypodronic extoderm dysplasia? |
|
Definition
| Failure of sweat glands to develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of hair follicles to develop properly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess hair development. May happen in patches or all over |
|
|
Term
| What is hyperpigmentation? |
|
Definition
| excess pigmentation of skin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The line from which mammary glands develop. Forms during the 4th week. |
|
|
Term
| What are myoepithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| The smooth muscle cells of the mammary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Milk secreted by neonates due to the action of maternal hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the roll of estrogen in milk production? |
|
Definition
| Estrogen stimulates duct growth |
|
|
Term
| What is the roll of progesterone in milk production? |
|
Definition
| stimulates the formation of secretory alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What is hormonal loop in breastfeeding? |
|
Definition
| Suckling creates neural stimulus which gets the hypothalamus to secrete prolactin in oxytocin in a process called milk-letdown (preparing the mammary gland for subsequent breastfeeing) |
|
|
Term
[image]
Identify the disorders |
|
Definition
1. Extra breast
2. Extra nipple
3. Extra breast/nipple just inferior to normal one
4. Inverted nipple: often a sign of cancer
5. Absence of nipples
6. Absence of breasts
7. Differential size between breast
8. Excessive mammary gland development in males |
|
|
Term
| How many primary or deciduous teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many secondary or permanent teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dental lamina and Enamel organ are derived from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dental papillae and Dental Sacs are derived from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dental lamina? |
|
Definition
| down growth of ectoderm. Will give rise to tooth bud and enamel organ |
|
|
Term
| What is the enamel organ? |
|
Definition
| Produces enamel via production of ameloblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that produce dentin and dental pulp via production of odontoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of tooth beneath the enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of cells that surround the dental papillae and produce cementum via cementoblasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcified substance covering the root of the tooth |
|
|
Term
| What is amelogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| Autosomal dominant genetic disorder that results in a lack of enamel coating over the teeth |
|
|
Term
| What is dentinogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| genetic autosomal dominant disorder that mutates odontoblasts and results in insufficient dentin |
|
|
Term
| What can vitamin A deficiency cause in teeth? |
|
Definition
| Enamel absence or enamel hypolasia |
|
|
Term
| What can Vitamin D deficiency cause in teeth? |
|
Definition
| Enamel and dentin hypoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What do infants born with blue or black teeth signify? |
|
Definition
| Erythoblastosis fetalis or hemolytic disease |
|
|
Term
| What is erythroblastosis fetalis? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic disease in which the maternal immune response breaks down infant red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| What do infants born with brownish-yellow teeth signify? |
|
Definition
| Infant was exposed to tetracycline |
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