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Definition
| functions to guard the body's physical and biochemical integrity, maintain a constant body temperature, and provide sensory information to the surrounding environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of different tissues that are joined together to perform specific functions and is the largest organ of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| superficial portion of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper layer of the skin; primarily composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers and has two regions |
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Term
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Definition
-deep to the dermis
-not part of the skin
-consists of areolar and adipose tissue
-serves as a fat storage area, an area for blood vessel passage, and an area of pressure nerve endings.
-aka hypodermis |
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Term
| four types of cells in the epidermis |
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Definition
karatinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells |
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Term
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Definition
| produce keratin and lamellar granules |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, and chemicals |
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Definition
| release a waterproof sealant |
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Definition
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Definition
| contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light |
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Definition
| participate in immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| contact the tactile disc and function in the sensation of touch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many layers of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| four or five, depending upon the degree of friction an mechanical pressure applied to the skin |
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Term
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Definition
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale (germinativum) |
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Term
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Definition
-deepest layer
-contains some stem cells capable of undergoing mitosis
-contains keratinocytes with a cytoskeleton of tonofilaments
-when this layer is destroyed, skin cannot regenerate without a skin graft. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides strength and flexibility to the skin |
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Term
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Definition
-marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata.
-consists of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
-characterized by the presence of keratohyalin |
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Term
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Definition
| the changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activationi of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die. |
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Term
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Definition
| converts tonofilaments into keratin |
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Term
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Definition
| present only in fingertips, palms, and soles. |
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Term
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Definition
most superficial layer, consists of dead cells.
-constant exposure to friction will cause this layer to increase in depth with the formation of a callus. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal thickening of the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
replacement of cell contents with keratin
-occurs as cells move to the skin surface over 2-4 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic skin disorder characterized by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through the epidermal strata. |
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Term
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Definition
papillary layer
reticular region |
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Term
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Definition
| areolar connective tissue containing fine elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings for sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle, and itch. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the deeper part of the dermis consisting of dense, irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| a permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign pigment is injected into the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| increase frictioni for better grasping ability and provide the basis for fingerprints and footprints. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicate predominant direction of the underlying collagen fibers |
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Term
| what are the three pigments that contribute to skin color? |
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Definition
| melanin, carotene, hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| the complete of partial loss of melanocytes from patches of the skin resulting in irregular white spots. |
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Term
| accessory structures of the skin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hairs-- present on most skin surfaces except the palms, plamar surfaces of the digits, soles, and plantar surfaces of the digits |
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Term
| what is the anatomy of hair? |
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Definition
| consists of a shaft of above the surface, a root that penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer, the cuticle, and a hair follicle. |
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Term
| how do new hairs develop? |
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Definition
| from cell division of the matrix in the bulb |
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Term
| name the 3 structures associated with hairs |
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Definition
sebaceous oil glands
arrectores pilorum muscles
root plexuses |
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Term
| name 2 types of hair removal |
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Definition
depilatories
electrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolve the protein in the hair shaft |
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Term
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Definition
| uses an electric current to destroy the hair matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| the cycle consists of a growing stage and a resting stage |
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Term
| the rate of growth and replacement cycle can be altered by: |
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Definition
| illness, diet, high fever, surgery, blood loss, severe emotional stress, and gender. |
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Term
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Definition
lanugo
vellus
course pigmented
terminal |
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Term
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Definition
| a fine, nonpigmented hair that covers the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| a short, fine hair that replaces lanugo |
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Term
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Definition
| appears in response to androgens |
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Term
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Definition
| appears in response to angrogens-- head hair, eyelashes, eyebrows |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount and type of melanin |
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Term
| graying of hair occurs because of |
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Definition
| a progressive decline in tyrosinase |
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Term
| name the functions of hair. |
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Definition
protection
decrease in heat loss
sensing light touch |
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Term
| name the 3 types of skin glands |
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Definition
-sebaceous glands
-sudoriferous glands
-ceruminous glands |
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Term
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Definition
| oil glands that are usually connected to hair follices; produce sebum |
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Term
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Definition
| moistens hairs, waterproofs and softens the skin, and inhibits bacterial growth |
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Term
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Definition
| results when sebaceous glands become inflamed |
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Term
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Definition
sweat glands
divided into apocrine and eccrine |
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Term
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Definition
| have an extensive distribution; their ducts terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis |
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Term
| functions of eccrine sweat glands |
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Definition
help regulate body temperature through evaporation
help eliminate wastes such as urea |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| limited in distribution to the skin of the axilla, pubis, and areolae; ducts open into hair follicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| modified sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen |
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Term
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Definition
| a waxy substance produced by ceruminous glands |
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Term
| ceruminous glands are found where? |
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Definition
| in the external auditory meatus |
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Term
| an abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus or canal can result in: |
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Definition
| impaction and prevent sound waves from reaching the ear drum |
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Term
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Definition
| hair, keratinized epidermal cells over the dorsal surfaces of the terminal portions of fingers and toes |
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Term
| name the principal parts of a nail. |
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Definition
| body, free edge, root, lunula, eponychium, and matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| help in grasping and manipulating small objects in various ways and provide protection against trauma to the ends of the digits. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cover all parts of the body except palms and palmar surfaces of the digits and toes.
-lacks epidermal ridges
-has a sparser distribution of sensory receptors than thick skin |
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Term
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Definition
-covers palms, palmar surfaces of the digits, and soles
-has stratum lucidum and thick epidermal ridges
-lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands
-has more sweat glands than thin skin |
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Term
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Definition
-thermoregulation
-blood reservoir
-protection
-cutaneous sensations
-excretion
-absorption
-synthesis of vitamin D
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Term
| transdermal drug administration |
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Definition
| a method of drug passage across the epidermis and into the blood vessles of the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| the homeostatic control of body temperature; due to the skin liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| because the skin has an extensive network of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, heat, cold, and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| the elimination of wastes from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the passage of material from the external environment into body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| requires activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV light, with enzymes in the liver and kidneys modifying he activated molecule to produce calcitrol |
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Term
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Definition
| the most active form of vitamin D |
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Term
| epidermal wounds are repaired by: |
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Definition
enlargement and migration of basal cells
contact inhibition
division of migrating and stationary basal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| central portion of the wound extends deep into the dermis, wound edges are usually only superficial |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound |
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Term
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Definition
| when an injury extends to tissues deep to the epidermis |
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Term
| phases of deep wound healing |
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Definition
-inflammatory phase
-migratory phase
-proliferative phase
-maturation phase |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot unites the wound edges, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels deliver phagocytes, and fibroblasts form |
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Term
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Definition
epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the wound, fibroblasts begin scar tissue, and damged blood vessels begin to grow
-granulation tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the events of the migratory phase intensify |
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Term
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Definition
| the scab falls off, the epidermis is restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts begin to disappear, and blood vessels are returned to normal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the epidermis is derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| hair, nails, and skin glands are derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the dermis is derived from what? |
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Definition
| wandering mesenchymal cells |
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Term
| effects of aging on integument |
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Definition
| wrinkling, slower growth of hair and nails, dryness and cracking due to sebaceous gland atrophy, decrease in melanocytes and langerhans cells, loss of subcutaneous fat |
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Term
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Definition
microdermabrasion
chemical peel
laser resurfacing
dermal fillers
botulism toxin injection
non surgical face lifts |
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Term
| name three skin disorders. |
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Definition
skin cancer
burns
pressure ulcers |
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Term
| 3 most common forms of skin cancer |
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Definition
| basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma |
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Term
| risk factors for skin cancer |
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Definition
| skin type, sun exposure, family history, age, immunologic status |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue damage from excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that destroys proteins in the exposed cells |
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Term
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Definition
| first, second, third degree |
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Term
| the seriousness of a burn is determined by: |
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Definition
| depth, extent, area involved, person's age and general health |
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Term
| 2 methods of determining the extent of a burn |
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Definition
-rule of nines
-Lund-Bowder method |
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Term
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Definition
aka decubitus ulcers
caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection that has been subjected to prolonged pressure against an object such as a bed, cast, or splint. |
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