Term
|
Definition
| - stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| the cells of the epidermis include: |
|
Definition
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhan cells
- Merkel cells
- Melanocytes
- Stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Keratinocytes make keratin, an ___ ____ protein , found in all ___ layers of the epidermis. |
|
Definition
- intermediate protein filament
- 5 layers of epidermis |
|
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Term
| keratinocytes are inteconnected via ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| keratinocytes are replaced every __ to ___ days. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical barriers of the Integument: |
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Definition
- acidic mantel secretion
- sebum= bacteriocidal
- melanin in keratinocytes prevent damage to nucleus
- alpha and beta defensins= natural cystein rich cationic antibiotics that defend against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses |
|
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Term
| Integument as a biological barrier: |
|
Definition
- Langerhan cells= antigen presenting cells
- macrophages in dermis are first line of defense |
|
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Term
| in extreme cold, dermal blood vessels ___ to reduce passive heat loss. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| vascular supply within skin accounts for __% of blood in body, this can be shunted when exercising etc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cutaneous sensation be integument: |
|
Definition
- Meissner's corpuscles within dermal papillae
- Pacinian corpuscles within dermis and hypodermis |
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Term
| hypodermis is also called the __ __ or the ___ ___ |
|
Definition
-superficial fascia
- panniculus adipose |
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Term
| melanocytes are derived from the __ __, and are attached to the basal lamina via ____, but are not connected to other cells by desmosomes. |
|
Definition
neural crest
hemidesmosomes |
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Term
| Melanocytes stain ___, but have abundant ___, __, and ____. |
|
Definition
- mitochondria
- golgi
- RER |
|
|
Term
| Where are melanocytes found? |
|
Definition
| - strata basale and spinosum of epidermis |
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Term
| Melanocytes use the enzyme,____, to make ____ from ____. |
|
Definition
- tyrosinase
- melanin
- tyrosine |
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Term
| Melanin granules are taken up the keratinocytes of the ___ ___ and ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sun UV radiation increases synthesis of melanin in melanocytes
- sun darkens preexisting melanin that is released into keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
| melanin granules are in what region of a keratinocyte and for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| - supranuclear region, to protect the nucleus |
|
|
Term
| 4 stages of development of a melanin granule (melanosome): |
|
Definition
- stage 1: vesicle containing tyrosinase is surrounded by a membrane
- stage 2: melanin becomes deposited on a protein matrix
- stage 3: melanin formation increases
- stage 4: the mature melanin granule is formed with melanin filling up the vesicle |
|
|
Term
| A melanosome migrates within the cytoplasmic extension of the ____ and gets injected into the ____ of the ___ ___ or the ____. |
|
Definition
- melanocyte
- keratinocyte
- strata basale
- spinosum |
|
|
Term
| melanin gets degraded as it travels up to the superficial layers of skin, why? |
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Definition
| - the granules fuse with lysosome and it gets degraded b/c the superficial cells don't have a nucleus, only keratin, so don't need protectoin melanin provides |
|
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Term
| Albinism is a hereditary disease caused by lack of ___ or the inability of cells to take up ___. |
|
Definition
- tyrosinase
- tyrosine
resulting in melanoctyes having a decreased capacity to synthesize melanin |
|
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Term
| Langheran cells are also called ___ ___ cells. |
|
Definition
| - epidermal dendritic cells |
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Term
| Langerhan cells are ___ that migrate to the ___ from the ____ and are the __ __ __ of the skin. Langerhan cells are primarily in the ___ ___ of skin. |
|
Definition
- macrophages
- epidermis
- blood
- antigen presenting cells
- stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
| Langerhan cells present antigen to ___ ____ which in turn present to ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| merkel cells are associated with ___ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Merkel cells are found at the: |
|
Definition
| epidermis/dermis junction in the stratum basale |
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Term
|
Definition
| - sensory receptor for touch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
BSGIC: Betsy Said Garret Looks Cute.
- stratum Basale aka germinativum
- stratum Spinosum
- stratum Granulosum
- stratum Lucidum
- stratum Corneum |
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|
Term
| Melanocytes are in the ___ ___ and the ____. Langerhan cells are in the ____. Merkel cells are in the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
Melanocytes- stratum basale and spinosum
Langerhan cells- spinosum
Merkel cells - stratum basale |
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Term
| The stratum basale, the ____ layer of the epidermis, is also called the germinativum b/c there are ___ cells there undergoing ___> |
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Definition
- innermost
- germ cells
- mitosis |
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|
Term
| What region of the epidermis is the nucleus lost? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what layer of epidermis is only in really thick skin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| by what layer is there only keratin left in the cell? |
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Definition
| - outermost, stratum corneum |
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Term
| The stratum basale is a __ layer of ___ cells attached to the basal lamina by ___. Cells in this layer include: |
|
Definition
- sinlge
- cuboidal
- hemidesmosomes
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- merkel cells
- stem cells |
|
|
Term
| Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel cells sense __ ___, while the paccinian corpuscles sense ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- light touch
- pain and pressure |
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|
Term
| - cells in the stratum basale contain ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are attached by ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| squamous cell carcinoma happens in what layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| cells in the stratum spinosum accumulate ___ ___ and some cells are ___. |
|
Definition
- melanin granules
- mitotic |
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|
Term
| The Malpighian layer includes the stratum ___ and the stratum ___, since both of these layers have mitotic cells. |
|
Definition
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum |
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Term
| In the Malpighian layer bundles of ___ insert into the ___ ____ of the ____ and maintain cell attachment and prevent abrasion from shearing forces. |
|
Definition
- tonofilaments
- cytoplasmic densities of the desmosomes |
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|
Term
| the stratum granulosom is how many cell layers thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what accumulates in the stratum granulosum? |
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Definition
- keratohyaline
- lamellated granules |
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|
Term
| what to keratohyaline granules do in the stratum granulosum? |
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Definition
| - contribute to keratin aggregation in more superficial strata of epidermis |
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|
Term
| The ___ ___ in the stratum granulosum, release a ___ that slows ___ loss across the epidermis and between cells. |
|
Definition
- lamellated granules
- glycolipid
- water |
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|
Term
| Cells in the stratum granulosum start to lose their ___ and eventually die via ____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| stratum lucidem is present in thick skin and is ___ cells thick. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cells in the stratum lucidum are: |
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Definition
| - thin, transparent, dead, closely packed, lack organelles and a nucleus |
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|
Term
| the stratum corneum is the ___ layer of skin and is how thick? |
|
Definition
- outermost
- 15-30 cells in thickness |
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|
Term
| the glycolipids from the ___ ___ waterproof the ___ ____. |
|
Definition
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum |
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|
Term
| stratum corneum accounts for 3/4 of the thickness of the epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ makes the stratum corneum cells durable. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Keratinocytes, interconnected by ____, are sloughed off and replaced by deeper cells. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| After keratinization, cells of the stratum corneum, consist only of ___ proteins and ____ proteins and a thickened plasma membrane, so the cells are called ___ cells. |
|
Definition
- fibrillar
- amorphous
- horny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- mitotic activity of stratum basale and spinosum has increased but cell cycle time has decreased
- epidermal cells are renewed every week instead of every month, so you see immature cells making up the psoriasis plaque |
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|
Term
| The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains ___, ___, and ___ fibers. |
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Definition
- collagen
- elastic
- reticular |
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|
Term
| cells in the dermis area: |
|
Definition
- Fibroblasts
- Mast cells
- Macrophages
- Leukocytes |
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|
Term
| the dermis has lots of what? |
|
Definition
- nerve fibers
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels |
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|
Term
| hair follicles reside in the ___ but originate in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - caused by heat, separation of dermis and epidermis > fluid filled pocket in between |
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Term
| hair follicles are invaginations of the __ into the ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The most superficial layer of the dermis is the _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the dermal papillae indent the overlying epidermis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what corpuscles are found the papillary layer of the dermis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Merkel cells are in the ___, Meissner corpuscles are in the ___ layer of the ___. |
|
Definition
merkel cells> epidermis
meissner's corpuscles > papillary layer of dermis |
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|
Term
| dermal ridges (palms and soles of feet) result in epidermal ridges called __ ___. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the ___ layer is the deepest layer of the dermis and constitues ___% of the dermis's thickness. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The reticular layer of the dermis is a ___ ___ tissue. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the reticular layer of the dermis, collagen runs parallel to the skin, allowing for __ and ___. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| in the reticular layer, ___ provides for stretch and recoil, while ___ provides for strength and durabiliy. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles are _____ found in the ___ layer of the dermis. |
|
Definition
- mechanoreceptors
- reticular layer |
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|
Term
| sweat glands are also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most numerous type of sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| - Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| where can eccrine sweat glands be found? |
|
Definition
- palms
- soles of feet
- forehead |
|
|
Term
| The eccrine sweat gland is a ___ ___ __ __ who empties onto the ___ surface at its pore. |
|
Definition
- simple coiled tubular gland
- skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma that passes through the secretory cells and is released by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- water
- salt
- vitamin C
- antibodies
- urea/uric acid
- lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| normally sweat is acidic or basic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sweating is controlled by the : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The axillary sweat gland is found where? |
|
Definition
- axillary
- anogenital areas |
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|
Term
| appocrine glands are ___ than eccrine glands and empty into the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| secretion from apocrine glands is more ___ than that from eccrine glands. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| apocrine sweat is actually ____ but starts to smell due to ___. |
|
Definition
odorless
bacteria compromise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- modified apocrine gland
- found in external ear canal
- secretes ear wax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- modified apocrine sweat gland found in breast
- secretes milk |
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|
Term
| Sebaceous glands are ___ ___ glands found all over the body except for the palms and soles of feet. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sebaceous glands secrete sebum into the _____ ___. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| sebaceous glands are called ____ glands b/c the ___ and __ are secreted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lubricate hair and skin, prevent hair from becoming brittle |
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|
Term
| what controls secretion of sebaceous glands. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if sebum accumulates you get a ___. if it dries and oxidizes you get a ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - inflammation of sebaceous glands resulting in pimples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - baby acne due to overactive sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- shaft- what you see
- root- embedded in the skin |
|
|
Term
| The ___ of hair is central and consists of large cells. The ___ around the medulla consists of several layers of flattened cells. The ___ is the outermost layer of hair and consists of a single layer of cells overlapping like shingles. |
|
Definition
- medulla
- cortex
- cuticle |
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|
Term
| hair pigment is provided by ___ at the base of the hair follicle. the melanin granules are then transferred to the ___ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hair follicle extends from the epidermis to the dermis or hypodermis. The end of the hair follicle is called the __ ___, here you find ___ and ___. Surrounding the hair bulb is a __ __ ___ containing nerve endings. |
|
Definition
- hair bulb
- melanoctyes
- stem cells
- root hair plexus |
|
|
Term
| what provides nutrients to growing hair? |
|
Definition
| - capillaries in the papillary layer of the dermis |
|
|
Term
| the wall of the hair follicle consists of: |
|
Definition
- outer connective tissue sheath from the dermis
- inner epithelial root sheath from the epidermis |
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|
Term
| the epitheleal root sheath contains and external and internal root sheath. Also there is a glassy membrane bw the connective tissue sheath and the epithelal root sheath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arrector pilli muscles are ___ muscle connecting the ___ ___ sheath to the ____ ___ of the dermis. |
|
Definition
- smooth
- connetive root sheath
- papillary layer |
|
|
Term
| contraction of arrector pilli muscles, causes hair to be erect> goose bumps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth cycles of hair have what 2 phases: |
|
Definition
active phase
resting phase |
|
|
Term
| hair follicles of scalp remain active for years and then become inactive for afew months |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nails are ___ like modifications of the ___. |
|
Definition
scale like
epidermis
nail= superficial layers of epidermis
nail bed= deeper layers of epdermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region over thickend nail matrix |
|
|
Term
| first degree burns affect: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - epidermis and upper dermis> blisters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects entire thickness of skin> skin may be blackened, nerve endings destroyed |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common but least malignant cnacer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This cancer arises from cells of the stratum spinosum.
Most often it arises on the scalp, ears, dorsum of hands and lower lip.
This cancer grows rapidly and will metastasize to lymph nodes if not removed.
If caught early, surgery and/or radiation treatments provide an excellent chance of a cure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This cancer accounts for 5% of all skin cancers and is the most dangerous cancer.
1/3 of this melanoma begin from pigmented moles.
The survival rate is 50%. |
|
|
Term
| ABCD for recognizing melanoma: |
|
Definition
A - asymmetry (two sides of pigmented spot or mole do not match).
B - border irregularity (borders indented, not smooth.)
C - color - (several colors are noted, such as black, brown, tan, blue and red).
D - diameter (is the diameter of the spot larger than 6mm or 1/4 of an inch). |
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