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| Provides a framework for how Christians think about and act in the world; means that the ultimate purpose of life is expressed only when our actions express love of God and love for our fellow human beings. |
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| encourage us to apply our abilities towards humane and godly ends, while avoiding the misuse of our powers towards sinful ends. |
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| Force in establishing the Society for Christian psychology. |
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| Effort to find connections between psychology and theology; a thing that we discover when we are uncovering the fundamental unity; something we do as we create ways of thinking about, combining and applying psychological and theological truths. |
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| the earth was the center of the universe with the moon, the sun, and the planets revolving around. Aristotle adopted. Cassini theological objections were based on a handful of scriptures that seemed to support an earth-centered universe. |
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| Pythagora's Theory of Heliocentric Solar System |
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| The sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe; Copernicus defended and Galileo revealed empirical evidence that supported Copernicus's henry. |
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| belief that "a theological perspective on human behavior is exhaustive and must therefor be intolerant of all other perspectives. Browning |
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| borrowed heavily from philosophy and rational discourse, although ecclesiastical ends and sources were its main concern. valued extra theological means of inquiry while simultaneously insisting on a repressive theological domination of other academic disciplines. |
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| emphasized the priority of faith over reason, since faith comes form God via revelation. |
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| Conceptualized theology as faith seeking understanding (fides quaerens intellectum) |
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| the relationship of faith and reason was a collaborative one. Theology surpasses other speculative sciences. Theological scholarship flourished under the influence of Aquinas. |
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| Saw no necessary contradictions between faith and reason, although the Church was seen as holding the preeminent authoritative position. |
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| Expressed the belief of the antithetical nature of science and religion in his book History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. Religious faith is an impediment to science and progress. Enlightenment time period. |
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| Asserted that Christianity formed the philosophical landscape that allowed for the establishment of science. Hooykaas further Whitehead's postulate. |
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| the world we inhabit is a mere shadow of the true world of forms, the immutable Ideas. |
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| The world was the center of a universe created, but not sustained, by a prime mover. |
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| The model of the world as a mechanism. Allowed people to look at the world with an expectation of finding order that coulee described with rational rules. |
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| Argue that Christianity was the backdrop to virtually all scientific discussion in the formative stages of science. |
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| Claim to be an authoritative mediator of truth and values was served well by framing Christianity as an opponent of scientific progress. Livingston warfare vocabulary. |
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| reasoned that this overrepresentation was caused in part by the vow of celibacy taken by Chatholic priests while many Protestant clergy had children who became scientists. Protestants were significantly overrepresented among the scientific community. |
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| "liberals" or Neo-orthodox |
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| Reinterpreted scripture to accomodate Darwin's theory. Emphasized social concerns and accommodation to modernism. |
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| Castigated Darwin in defense of Christianity. Built a wall between theology and science. Maintained a literal interpretation of scripture and rejected Darwinism and higher criticism. Tended to alter their views o science to fit their religion. Emphasized soteriological concerns and doctrinal defense. |
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| focuses on what we can discern about God from the study of nature. |
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| in the late 1800s its primary expression was fundamentalism. came out of the Protestant Reformation, Puritanism and revivalist movements. |
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| Diverse phenomenon that largely emerged out of the fundamentalist retains to Darwin and to theological liberalism. |
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| Three distinct phases of evangelicalism (fundamentalism) |
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1. anti-intellectual, anti-ecumenical and anti-social action
2. Pro-intellectual, pro-ecunmerical, and Prosocial action
Creation science and intelligent design
3. Influenced by post-modern influence, an increase focus among evangelicals on how the biblical story intersects with the narrative of individual lives. |
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Director of the Human Genome project.
Was not raised in a religious home.
his search for answers led him to become a Christian. |
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| Expressed Roman Catholic teaching on the compatibility of science and faith.Christianity can coexist because their truths emanate from God. |
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| Impetus to the development of American Psychology. |
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| "from the moment modern psychiatry emerged as a district profession, psychiatry and religion have overlapped and at times overtly competed |
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| devout Christians that carried out Humanitarian reforms |
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| a Presbyterian that was a major figure in mental-health reform in the US. |
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| Principal philosophical sources |
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| American philosophical pragmatism and Continental existentialphenomenology |
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| Characterized by an anti-intellectual, anti-social action, and anti-ecumenical stance |
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| fundamentalists withdrew from social concerns in the early 1900s |
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| Evangelical Christian Psychologists |
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James Dobson
Gary Collins
Bruce Narramore
Larry Crabb |
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| Characterized much of the twentieth century Psychology |
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| pervasive naturalism and positivism. |
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| Methodological naturalism |
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| embrace the scientific method as the only legitimate or at least the most reliable method of pursuing knowledge. Modernist assumptions underlie. |
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| fail to take a theistic worldview seriously |
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| Carl Jung, William James, and Gordon Allport |
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| notable theorist in psychology interested in religion |
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| Sigmund Freud and Albert Ellis |
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| vocal opponents of religion |
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| Worldview (German, Weltanschauung) |
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| a window through which he or she views the world, framed by assumptions and beliefs that color what he or she sees. Loosely translated as life perspective or confessional vision. |
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| "A worldview provides a model of the world which guides its adherents in the world. |
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| What does it mean to be human? What is the nature of the world? What's wrong with the world, and why do things go wrong? AND How can what is wrong with the world, and what is wrong with my life be fixed? |
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| Worldviews are built around the answers to four questions. Walsh and Middleton |
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| A worldview is a set of presuppositions which we hold about the basic makeup of the world. |
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| James Sire's operational definition of worldview |
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| the spirit of the times. its focus is on the assumptions typical of a particular culture at a particular historical era |
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| believe that spirits inhabit the world and impose their wills upon it, although they can sometimes be placated with sacrifice |
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| Rather than changing world views (animistic beliefs), syncretists assimilate elements of a foreign worldview into their existing worldview |
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| perceive a hierarchy of gods, each of whom is powerful in a limited domain. (Homeric epics) |
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| beliefs that everything that exists is part of a greater oneness, the one god that is Everything and is in everything. never ending succession of birth, death and rebirth |
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| "father of modern medicine" broke from his contemporaries by rejecting demonic explanations of illness. Natural biological phenomena explains mental and physical illness. |
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| human personality is limited to the categories of four elements (earth, wind, fire, and water) and corresponding bodily humors (black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood) |
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| Major worldview that believes in one God, Judaism, Christianity and Islam |
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| The rise of science represented a shift in how the world was understood and of the means through which knowledge was sought. failed to account for the enormous influence of assumptions and world views on human thinking. Alister McGrath. |
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| affirm that scripture provides unique and reliable information about the place of human beings that shape how the world should be understood. |
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| Worldview of modernist that goes so far as to say that only the material realm exists. |
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| unwavering expectation of progress and the belief that knowledge claims can be adequately verified through empirical or rational methodologies. |
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| a basic belief that all claims of knowledge are dubious because they are shaped by assumptions and written by one-sided point of view. |
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| Three fundamental implications of worldviews |
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1. understanding what happens when variant world views meet
2. recognizing the degree to which world views are inherited
3. acknowledging the limited degree to which we can objectively reflect upon and alter our own world views. |
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a branch of philosophy that deals with the grounds and nature of knowledge. Study of the nature of knowledge.
Epistemic methods - logical reasoning and empiricism. Intellectual virtue. |
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| Epistemic methods of modernism |
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| very influential and still mainstay of most quantitative social science research |
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| The vision presented (the assumptions of) ontological realism with epistemological modesty. |
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| believe that there is a direct one to one correspondence between perception and reality. |
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| believe that there is no necessary correspondence between perception and reality |
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| believe that while assumptions and biases color perception, reality imposes some limitations on interpretation. Middle ground. What we see depends to some free on what we expect and predisposed to see. |
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| the noetic effects of sin affects the ways that sin affects human thinking. |
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| encompass such things as honesty, humility, curiosity,diligence, respectfulness, compassion, and a worship |
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| Epistemic strategies for integration of psychology and Christianity |
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| Logic, empiricism and hermeneutics |
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| Logical approach to epistemology |
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| assumption that we can separate fact from belief by looking at the rational consistency of one's reasoning. |
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| used to establish truth by combining and evaluating premises based on standard rules and axioms. important in experimental psychology b/c hypothesis testing |
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| contain three elements, Premises, inferences, and conclusions. |
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| a statement that must be true or false. example Socratic dialogues |
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| a new proposition is created that states implication that should logically follow from the accepted propositions. if-then connection |
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| final inference. new statement that is logically connected to the propositional statements. (see truth table 5.1, pg 78) |
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| attempts to develop generalizations based on isolated observations. often the initial source of psychological theories. correlation does not imply causation. |
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| involved reliance on experience to evaluate knowledge claims. Saint Luke |
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| an epistemic method derived from logical positivism, a view in which belief is validated or invalidated solely by the evidence of experience. Theories can only be disproved or supported. |
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| rules of interpretation (greek god Hermes). science and art of making sure that the messages accurately understood. Hermeneutical principles are utilized in the quest to discern the intent of the author. |
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| Theocentric unified model of knowing |
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| Epistemic inquiry methods |
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1. rational discourse
2. experimentation
3. hermeneutics |
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nature and origins of the physical world;
the science of the nature, structure and origin of the universe as a whole |
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| ultimate nature of reality; philosophical investigation of the nature, constitution and structure of reality |
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| Celtic Christian belief; where the gap between the natural and supernatural worlds was a more transparent than usual. |
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| metaphysical assumption that everything that exists is knowable as a part of nature. |
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| Three metaphysical issues |
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1. the nature and origin of the world
2. the nature and source of ethical values
3. the nature and source of beauty |
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| Naturalists or atheistic materialists |
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| believe that nothing other than the material world exists; Van Inwagen naturalist philosopher; table 6.1 pg 99; nature is all there is, and all meaningful questions ultimately have material answers. |
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| believe that the material world exists, but that it came into existence at some point when God created; God is self-existent |
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| is not something that breaks the rules of nature, but it is an intervention by which something new is introduced into nature, which nature can accommodate; Christ "the grand miracle" |
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| believed that laws are nothing more than concise summaries of past experiences, useful in predicting future observations; |
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| science provides an account of nature based on prior observations |
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| a system that maintains a cohesive set of guidelines for determining which behaviors are acceptable and ethical, and which are not; moral system that is both reliable and valid. |
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| Philosophical anthropology |
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| the study of the character, disposition, qualities, and inclinations of human beings.; central concern of Christian theology |
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| the study of the nature of God and with God's relationship to the world. |
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| Methodological naturalism |
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| seeks natural explanations for the phenomena it (psychology) investigates; |
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| psychology is the science based on the premises that the world is an orderly place in which observation can lead to awareness of the regularities of phenomena and that some degree of predictability is possible given these regularities. |
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| Psychological and theological approaches to philosophical anthropology |
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