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| In 1791, an Italian named Galvani dissected a frog's leg. He hung it from a copper hook. He cut into it with an iron knife and the leg twitched. |
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| Volta discovered that electricity made the frog's leg twitch. Electricity had been produced when the 2 metals touched moisture in the frog's leg. In 1800, he used this discovery to make the first battery of silver and zinc discs separated by pieces of cloth soaked in water. |
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| Sir Alexander Fleming's observation |
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| In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming (a Scot) noticed that a fungus growing on a dish of bacteria was killing the bacteria. |
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| Sir Alexander Fleming's discovery |
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| The fungus on the dish of bacteria was producing a bacteria-killing chemical called penicillin. The first penicillin drugs were produced in 1943. |
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| Henri Becquerel's observation |
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| In 1896, a Frenchman named Henri Bacquerel accidently left a photographic film in a drawer containing uranium crystals. Later he found an outline of the crystals on the film. |
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| Henri Becquerel's discovery |
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| Becquerel discovered that the uranium was giving off radioactivity. Radioactive uranium was used in the first atomic bomb (1945) and the first nuclear power station (1957). |
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| A stopwatch measures time. Minutes (min) and seconds (s) are units of time. |
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| Rulers, meter sticks and tape measures are used to measure length. Meters (m), centimeters (cm) and millimeters (mm) are units of length. |
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| Measuring the volume of a liquid |
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Volume means "space taken up". A graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of a liquid. The millimeter (mL) is the unit of volume used in science. Liters (L) and cubic centimeters (cm3) are other units of volume. |
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| Temperature means "hotness". A thermometer is used to measure temperature. The units of measure are degrees Celsius. |
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| Balances and scales are used to measure mass. The units of mass are grams (g) and kilograms (kg). |
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| How to find the volume of an odd-shaped object |
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| Put water in a graduated cylinder and measure it. Drop in the object and measure the volume again. The difference in volume equals the volume of the object. |
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| How to find the time of a pendulum swing |
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| The time for one swing is always the same, but it may be too fast to measure accurately. Time several swings and divide the time by the number of swings to get the time of one swing. |
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| How to determine the mass of a pin |
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| Put 100 pins on a balance pan. If all the pins are identical, divide the mass by 100 to find the mass of one pin. If the pins are not exactly the same, dividing the mass by 100 will give you the average mass of one pin. |
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meter (m) millimeter (mm) centimeter (cm) kilometer (km) |
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liter (L) milliliter (mL) cubic centimeter (cm3) cubic meter (m3) |
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kilogram (kg) tonne (t) (1 t = 1,000 kg) gram (g) (1,000 g = 1 kg) milligram (mg) |
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| second (s), minute (min), hour (h), day (d), year (a) |
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