Term
| The brain uses what for energy |
|
Definition
| glucose exclusively; ketones during starvation |
|
|
Term
| Glycogen is stored in these 2 places. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conversion of non-CHO sources into glucose (from glycerol and amino acids) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some vitamin coenzymes for oxidation include |
|
Definition
| pantothenic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin (for energy production) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coenzymes are vitamins, cofactors are minerals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical messengers that trigger enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation. Influences physical/mental growth. Stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - raises blood sugar. |
|
|
Term
| Stimulates liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - raises blood sugar. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Influences physical/mental growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A thyroid hormones that regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Basal energy expenditure (BEE) |
|
Definition
| Min amount energy needed at rest in fasting to maintain being alive. Affected by extreme temperatures and caffeine, alcohol, nicotine |
|
|
Term
| Temperature can increase BEE by ___% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine can increase BEE by ___% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy expended in physical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diet-induced thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
| The calorigenic effect of food (TEF, DIT) |
|
Definition
| 10% of TEE. It's the energy needed to digest+absorb. Higher for CHO/pro than fat. |
|
|
Term
| What macro takes the least amount of energy to digest+absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Morning, reclining, awake, relaxed, normal body temp, 12 h p last PO, several hours after strenuous activity if it was done |
|
|
Term
| What substance does BMR measure to measure BMR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Women have a BMR ___% lower than men. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age group has the highest BMR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do old people have lower BMRs? |
|
Definition
| Less activity, less lean body mass, more body fat |
|
|
Term
| What 4 factors affect BMR? |
|
Definition
| Sex, age, body composition/surface area, endocrine glands (thyroid) |
|
|
Term
| How do you measure activity of the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| PBI - Protein bound iodine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When PBI - Protein bound iodine is elevated, ___ is elevated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wat does PBI - Protein bound iodine measure exactly? |
|
Definition
| The level of thyroxine produced, and since this hormone influences physical/mental growth, you are measuring energy metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| PBI - Protein bound iodine is NOT: |
|
Definition
| A nutritional assessment parameter |
|
|
Term
| BMR is higher during periods of: |
|
Definition
| Growth, like pregnancy, lactation, fever (7% increase for each increase in degree), some diseases, exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The RMR is ____% higher than the BMR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is RMR higher than BMR? |
|
Definition
| Because measuring conditions aren't as strict |
|
|
Term
| Mifflin st. jeor predicts kcal needs within ___% of what indirect calorimetry would measure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most practical way of measuring energy balance? |
|
Definition
| Following changes in weight |
|
|
Term
| What is direct calorimetry? |
|
Definition
| Measures heat produced in a respiration chamber (limited usefulness) |
|
|
Term
| What is indirect calorimetry? |
|
Definition
| Measure O2 consumed and CO2 excreted using a portable machine. |
|
|
Term
| Indirect calorimetry is useful for which types of pts? |
|
Definition
| On the vent, athletes, burn victims |
|
|
Term
| The respiratory quotient RQ = |
|
Definition
| VCO2 expired divided by VO2 consumed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pt ate some combination of CHO/PRO/FAT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inspired minute ventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expired minute ventilation (used in penn state) |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 monosaccharides |
|
Definition
| glucose, fructose, galactose |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 disaccharaides |
|
Definition
| Sucrose, lactose, and maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and glucose makes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and galactose makes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose and fructose makes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 5 polysaccharides |
|
Definition
| Starch, cellulose, pectin, glycogen dextrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellulose is resistant to |
|
Definition
| amylase. cellulose adds bulk |
|
|
Term
| Which starch is completely non-digestible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which starch has the best thickening quality? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which starch is most commonly found in fruits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which starch comes from animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which starch is the intermediate pdt of starch breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose alcohol, absorbed more slowly, converts to fructose, causes diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is the sweetest sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the least sweet sugar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the sugars in order of sweetness. |
|
Definition
| 1) fructose 2) invert sugars 3) sucrose 4) glucose 4) sorbitol 5) mannitol 6) galactose 7) maltose 8) lactose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of glucose and fructose obtained by the hydrolysis of sucrose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 sugar alcohols |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CHO allow most of protein to be used for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amino group of amino acids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The carboxyl group of amino acids is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 9 essential AA (TTPHLIMLV) |
|
Definition
| threonine, valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine |
|
|
Term
| Which 2 AA are conditionally essential during metabolic stress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tryptophan is the precursor for what 2 substances? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Serotonin and niacin need ____ to be created. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phenylalanine is converted into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Methionine is converted into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition of complete protein? |
|
Definition
| All essential AA are present in sufficient quantities and ratios to maintain body tissues and support growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you need to give someone a low protein diet, what do you need to make sure of? |
|
Definition
| That the protein is of HBV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deficient of 1 or more essential AA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple (AA) + a non-protein substance
ex: lipoprotein (fat+pro for transport) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fragments from simple and conjugated proteins (peptides) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Animal muscle, eggs, milk, cheese, yogurt, legumes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue synthesis, maintains growth, regulates body processes |
|
|
Term
| Which macro is an inefficient energy source? why? |
|
Definition
| Protein, bc nitrogen has to be removed first |
|
|
Term
| ___% of any given amount of ingested protein can be converted to CHO for energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can only 58% of any given amount of ingested protein be converted to CHO for energy? |
|
Definition
| Because the remaining % is the nitrogen on protein that has to be removed. There's no nitrogen in CHO |
|
|
Term
| How much protein is need on avg? /kg and % kcals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soybeans are low in what AA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plant protein is equivalent in quality to animal protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Legumes are low in what AA? |
|
Definition
| methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan |
|
|
Term
| Gelatin is low in which AA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gelatin has 0 of which AA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most food fat is what type of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipid is an example of what kind of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lecithins (emulsifier) which contain choline (a lipotropic factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that have the ability to remove and prevent fatty deposits, esp in liver. Example: choline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipotropic factor - substance that has the ability to remove and prevent fatty deposits. |
|
|
Term
| What helps prevent fatty deposits in the liver? |
|
Definition
| Lipotropic agents like choline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme called lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parts of fats derived from the hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown of fats - FAs, glycerols, steroids |
|
|
Term
| FAs, glycerols, steroids are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All available bond of the carbon chain are filled with hydrogen; its solid and hard at room temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat molecule with 1 double bond |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat molecule with 2 or more double bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most polyunsaturated fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linoleic (omega 6), alpha linolenic (omega 3) |
|
|
Term
| Essential FAs - what happens when you don't eat em |
|
Definition
| Absence will create specific deficiency diseases in as soon as 2 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An essential FA deficiency of omega 6 linoleic acid will cause what? |
|
Definition
| Eczema, poor growth, petechiae (red, purple skin spots) |
|
|
Term
| Eczema, poor growth, petechiae (red, purple skin spots) are signs of |
|
Definition
| An essential FA deficiency of omega 6 linoleic acid |
|
|
Term
| An essential FA deficiency of omega 3 alpha linolenic acid will cause what? |
|
Definition
| neuro changes - numbness, blurred vision |
|
|
Term
| neuro changes - numbness, blurred vision are signs of? |
|
Definition
| An essential FA deficiency of omega 3 alpha linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
| What's that good FA that comes from fish oil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) |
|
|
Term
| Walnuts, flaxseeds, and canola have what important fat? |
|
Definition
| omega 3 alpha linolenic acid |
|
|
Term
| What effect does omega 3 alpha linolenic acid have on the liver? |
|
Definition
| Decreases hepatic production of TGs (inhibits VLDL synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| Fat molecules terminate in a ____ at one and and a _____ at the other. |
|
Definition
| Carboxyl group (COOH), methyl group (CH3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of adding hydrogen (At the double bond) to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability |
|
|
Term
| The process of adding hydrogen (At the double bond) to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trans fats are pdts of the partial hydrogenation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partially hydrogenated fats probably means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, AND FRYING FATS
(and a lil in milk fats) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They can influence membrane fluidity and could be harmful to cell fx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| H on the same side of the double bond |
|
|
Term
| Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) |
|
Definition
| Saturated fatty acids between 6-12 C long |
|
|
Term
| MCTs are naturally found in |
|
Definition
| milk fat, coconut oil, palm kernel oil |
|
|
Term
| milk fat, coconut oil, palm kernel oil contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Least monounsaturated fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Least polyunsaturated fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Butter fats in order of predominance in butter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Butter is mainly what kind of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Margarine fats in order of predominance in margarine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Margarine is mainly what kind of fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy, insulation, padding, delay gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
| Why does fat have more kcals/g? |
|
Definition
| Bc has less O2 + more C than CHO, which means more carbon atoms for oxidation |
|
|
Term
| Less than __% of kcals should be from fat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine calories in alcohol that is not 200 proof (100%)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| will not crystallize when cold |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a winterized oil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of oil will not crystallize when cold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you make winterized oil? |
|
Definition
| Chill it to 45 degrees. All the fat with high melting points will crystallize and can be filtered out. |
|
|
Term
| What does winterized oil look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 oils are winterized? |
|
Definition
| Corn, soy, and cottonseed |
|
|
Term
| What oil is NOT winterized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corn, soy, and cottonseed ARE... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin, breathing; 0.8-1.2 L/d |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (mg/atomic weight) x (# valence electrons) |
|
|
Term
| Extracellular electrolytes |
|
Definition
| Na+, Ca++, Cl-, HCO3- (bicarb) |
|
|
Term
| Intracellular electrolytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aldosterone reabsorbs __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone INCREASES excretion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal Na, K, Mg, P ranges |
|
Definition
136-145 na
3.5-5 k
1.5-2.5 mg
3-4.5 Phos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid moves from less to more concentrated side of membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Particles move from more to less concentrated side |
|
|
Term
| Explain albumin and fluid balance |
|
Definition
| Albumin at normal lvls in blood vessels draws water to it via osmosis. If albumin gets low, water is drawn out of blood vessels via osmosis, causing edema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nausea, dizziness, sunken eyes, fever, hyperventilation, excess sweating, [urine], dry inelastic skin, increase in solutes (Na, BUN), tachycardia, headache, fatigue, decreased appetite, rapid weight loss |
|
|
Term
| Best assessment parameter for fluid status? |
|
Definition
| Na. HyperNa: dehydrated. HypoNa: Overhydrated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mix of acid and base components to protect against a strong acid or base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and NaBicarb (NaHCO3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ controls the supply of carbonic acid (CO2 + water)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation causes the _____ of acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperventilation causes the ___ of acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ controls bicarb (base)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the kidneys regular bicarb? |
|
Definition
| By regulating H ion secretion and bicarb reabsoption |
|
|
Term
| If kidneys retain bicarb, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If kidneys excrete bicarb, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retention of acid by lungs through hypoventilation. kidneys increase reabsorption of base to compensate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of carbonic acid by lungs through hyperventilation. Kidneys excrete base to compensate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by uncontrolled DM, starvation. Kidneys produce/retain H OR excrete too much base. Lungs compensate by increasing respiration to remove CO2 and make blood more basic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can be caused by diuretics, vomiting. From excess H losses from kidney or kidneys retaining base. Lungs compensate by decrease ventilation to retain CO2 to increase acidity. |
|
|
Term
| If the PCO2 is WNL it tells you the lungs are working ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the HCO3 is WNL it tells you the kidneys are working ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much weight should a normal weight female gain during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much weight should an underweight female gain during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much weight should an overweight female gain during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much weight should an obese female gain during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 groups of females need to strive to gain the upper end of the weight range during pregnancy in order to reduce risk? |
|
Definition
| Black and very young females |
|
|
Term
| How many extra kcals in 1st trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many extra kcals in 2nd trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many extra kcals in 3rd trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many extra kcals in 1st 6m breastfeeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many extra kcals after 6m breastfeeding through 12m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of weight gain 1st trimester |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate of weight gain after 1st trimester |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 minerals do pregnant teenagers need extra of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things should pregnant women supplement in 2nd and 3rd trimester? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total folic acid needed daily during pregnancy |
|
Definition
| 600mcg. 200 from food, 400 from supplement |
|
|
Term
| Why is linolenic omega 3's needed during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| Develop fetal nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Normal weight infant in g |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extremely low bw infant in g |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AGA = Appropriate for gestational age means between what %iles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human milk is how many kcals/oz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone moves milk through ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colostrum has more ___ and less___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Breast fed infants need how much supplemented VD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infant formula has more ___ and ___ and ___ that breastmilk. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Don't feed infants this type of formula: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal iron stores start to decrease at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 foods should not be given to infants in the 1st year of life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At ___ old you can give infants food they can hold with their entire hand (palmar grasp). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At ___ old you can give infants food they can hold with their thumb and pointer finger (pincer grasp). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do not give low/nonfat milk to infants before __ years old. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pregestimil is an infant formula for infants who can't tolerate what 2 formula types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age ranges does growth slow down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age ranges does growth speed up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limit fruit juice to ___/d. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period of childhood has the potential for the most deficiencies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weight for age cannot be used in nutrition assessment bc it does not include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Head circumference can be measured until age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Laying down height can be used until age |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A growth measure meant >25%ile points from the current growth trend is likely d/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newborn weight loss regained w/in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome growth charts are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lack of fiber in infants can lead to constipation and potentially |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CHO 45-65%, Fat 20-35%, Pro 10-35% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For old people, calorie needs ___ and pro needs ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elderly might need these 2 minerals supplemented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elderly are more susceptible to constipation for 2 reasons: |
|
Definition
| Decreased gastric motility and decreased HCl secretion in stomach |
|
|
Term
| Decreased gastric motility and decreased HCl secretion in stomach mean the elderly are more susceptible to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Encourage ___ rich foods in the elderly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things adults need while working out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does CHO loading have? |
|
Definition
| Stores 2-3x the normal amount of muscle glycogen in muscles |
|
|
Term
| Primary energy source during rest and normal activities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During low-mod activity, ___ is the primary energy source. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During hard exercise, ___ is the primary source of energy, but now ___ is also needed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle glycogen is depleted ___ hours after hard continuous exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatine supplements ____ enhance endurance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supplements are not allowed to display what claims? |
|
Definition
| Preventure/cure of conditions |
|
|
Term
| Botanicals are classified as dietary supplements by what act? |
|
Definition
| DSHEA: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act 1994 |
|
|
Term
| What is allowed to be noted in supplements? |
|
Definition
| Any potential physiological effect |
|
|
Term
| What supplements to avoid when on warfarin? |
|
Definition
| garlic, gingko, ginseng, ginger |
|
|
Term
| Avoid garlic, gingko, ginseng, ginger when on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplements to avoid because of the liver? |
|
Definition
| Comfrey, kava, valerian root |
|
|
Term
| Avoid comfrey, kava, valerian root w/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things mess up birth control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avoid what supplements with diuretics? |
|
Definition
| Ephedra, saw palmetto, licorice root |
|
|
Term
| Avoid Ephedra, saw palmetto, licorice root w/ what drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Avoid taking which supplement longer than 2 months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most stomach digestion occurs in the ___ region. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hepatic duct from the liver joins with the ___ duct from the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bile is produced in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver stores ___ and synthesizes ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pancreas lies between the ___ and the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CHO digestion is limited in the ___ and really continues in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein digestion begins in the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When fat enters the duodenum, ___ is released. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates gallbladder to release bile, stimulates pancreas |
|
|
Term
| Secretin stimulates ___ and inhibits ___. |
|
Definition
| pancreatic juice (bicarb), gastric acid |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits gastric acid and stimulates pancreatic juice (bicarb)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is released from the intestines when fat/CHO are ingested? |
|
Definition
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) |
|
|
Term
| What does glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) do after it is stimulated to be released p fat/CHO ingestion? |
|
Definition
| Stimulates insulin synthesis and release |
|
|
Term
| What compound stimulates insulin synthesis and release? |
|
Definition
| glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric emptying of a meal takes between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of food slow gastric emptying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of food empty from the stomach at the same rate? |
|
Definition
| Protein and non complex CHO |
|
|
Term
| Acidic chyme enters the duodenum and is neutralized by what from where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most digestion is completed by the time food hits the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water, salts, vitamins synthesized by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What vitamins are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| VK, B12, thiamin, riboflavin |
|
|
Term
| What do VK, B12, thiamin, riboflavin have in common? |
|
Definition
| They are synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine. |
|
|
Term
| The colon converts malabsorbed CHO/fibers into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of short chain FAs produced in the colon. |
|
Definition
| acetate, butyrate, propionate, lactate |
|
|
Term
| short chain FAs produced in the colon stimulate what? |
|
Definition
| water/Na absorption INTO the colon |
|
|
Term
| Where are acetate, butyrate, propionate, lactate produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are short chain FAs produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| p simple sugars are absorbed through the small intestine, they travel to ___, where they are ___. |
|
Definition
| liver, converted to glucose or glucogen |
|
|
Term
| __% of any ingested amount of protein can be turned into CHO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a protein molecule to be converted into glucose (of which it has to have the right kind of AA), what has to happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most glucogenic AA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of fat, the ____ part, can be converted to glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ and ____ do not contribute to the body's supply of glucose. |
|
Definition
| Fatty acids, muscle glucogen |
|
|
Term
| What controls blood glucose level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones control blood glucose level? |
|
Definition
| insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, epi, growth hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased cell permeability to glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Glucagon is a hormone that |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone induces glycogenolysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoids are a hormone that |
|
Definition
| stimulates gluconeogenesis from protein |
|
|
Term
| What hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis from protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gluconeogenesis is stimulated by what hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During catabolic stress, epi |
|
Definition
| decreases insulin release so blood glucose rises |
|
|
Term
| What suppresses insulin release during catabolic stress so blood glucose rises? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| growth hormone ACTH is an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glycolysis produces _____ for the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis can use but does not require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end ptd of aerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end ptd of anaerobic glycolysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lactate is the end pdt of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pyruvate is the end pdt of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glucose 6 phosphate turns into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pyruvic acid turns into ___ for muscle contractions when O2 needs aren't being met (exercise) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOST of pyruvic acid is converted to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the MAIN substrate for krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetyl coA is formed from |
|
Definition
| pyruvic acid, or oxidation of FAs, or degradation of certain AAs |
|
|
Term
| 90% of the bodys atp is produced from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ from CHO is needed to start the krebs cycle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is not enough oxaloacetate coming in from CHO to combine w/ acetyl coA for krebs cycle, acetyl coA will |
|
Definition
| be diverted to form ketone bodies for energy |
|
|
Term
| biochemically, ketone bodies are formed when |
|
Definition
| there is not enough CHO coming in to form oxaloacetate and combine with acetylcoA for krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose provides ___ atp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___is needed for the transport of AA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Valine, leucine, isoleucine |
|
|
Term
| ___ is released from muscle during exercise so liver can turn it into glucose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alanine is released from muscle during exercise so |
|
Definition
| the liver can turn it into glucose |
|
|
Term
| ____ can be synthesized from phenylalanine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tyrosine can be synthesized from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive nitrogen balance means |
|
Definition
| net gain in protein during periods of growth |
|
|
Term
| Negative nitrogen balance means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A biological value of 100% for eggs means |
|
Definition
| 100% of the nitrogen in eggs is absorbed |
|
|
Term
| 1st step of protein catabolism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2nd step of protein catabolism |
|
Definition
| NH2 converted to NH3 (toxic ammonia) |
|
|
Term
| 3rd step of protein catabolicm |
|
Definition
| NH3 (ammonia) converted to urea and excreted by kidneys |
|
|
Term
| deamination of protein occurs where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of an amino group to a ketoacid to form a new amino acid |
|
|
Term
| hormones that stimulate protein anabolism? |
|
Definition
| Insulin, pituitary growth hormone, thyroid hormone, testosterone |
|
|
Term
| hormones that stimulate protein catabolism? |
|
Definition
| glucocorticoids (adrenal steroids) |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoids (adrenal steroids) can stimulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| end pdts of fat digestion |
|
Definition
| monoglycerides, diglycerides, glycerol, FAs |
|
|
Term
| Which end pdts of fat digestion can be absorbed directly into portal blood without forming chylomicrons first? |
|
Definition
| SCFAs (<12 C), some phospholipids, glycerol |
|
|
Term
| Which end pdts of fat digestion need to form chylomicrons to be absorbed? |
|
Definition
| monoglycerides, diglycerides, long chain FAs |
|
|
Term
| An example of a lipoprotein is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is found in ___ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is absorbed w/ either of these 2 things |
|
Definition
| bile salts, cholesterol esterase |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is excreted by body from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver synthesizes this but should NOT store it (could technically be 2 things) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipoproteins transfer FAs out of the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidation of fats forms ___ which enters the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipolysis is triggered by what hormones? |
|
Definition
| growth hormone, glucagon, glucocorticoids, thyroxine, epi, ACTH |
|
|
Term
| ACTH increases the rate of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipogenesis is stimulated by the hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enough CHO to get through krebs cycle |
|
|
Term
| "abnormal fat metabolism" |
|
Definition
| not enough CHO to get through krebs cycle, so ketones |
|
|
Term
| Active transport (requiring ATP) is how __________ are absorbed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ are absorbed by simple diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carrier-facilitated transport is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ are absorbed by passive diffusion (carrier-facilitated transport) . |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diffusion is from ____ to ____ concentration./ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Things that help absorb FSV also help absorb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiamin absorption is increased by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin absorption is increased by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 absorption is increased by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ca absorption is increased by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fe absorption is increased by |
|
Definition
| HCl, acidic fruits, Ca (bcuz it binds oxalates) |
|
|
Term
| Feeding and satiety center |
|
Definition
|
|
