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| lit review, research question, hypothesis, create methods, gather materials, collect data, analyze data, study the results and make decisions |
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| what section of the research paper has the hypothesis |
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| Where does the implications section go in the research paper? |
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| Describes state of nature at a point in time. Does NOT determine causal relationships. |
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| Descriptive research - examples of types of research |
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| qualitative, case study, surveys |
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| tests hypotheses concerning the effects of certain factors and allows causal relationships to be determined. |
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| Analytical research - examples of types of research |
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| Clinical trials, case control studies, experiments, quasi-experimental, cohort, cross-sectional |
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| uses experimental and control groups w/ randomization |
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| quasi-experimental design |
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| A series of tests are performed both before and after a program to determine if previous patterns continue or if there is noteworthy change. |
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| the word cohort definition |
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| any group whose members have something in common |
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| Cohort study (incidence study) example |
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| A large group of people followed for a long time to see if they develop a specific disease |
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| Carried out over a long period of time (longitudinal) and prospective (future oriented) |
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| Retrospective cohort study |
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| Uses an already existing data set to look back for relationships between exposure factors and outcomes. |
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| Focus on a specific disease. 2 similar groups compared, main difference between them is that 1 group has the disease and the other doesn't, both recall past behaviors to study how the groups differ. |
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| Cross-sectional studies (prevalence study) |
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| 1-time data collection. ALL the cases of a specific disease among a group of people in a specific time. Snapshot, describes 1 point in time, not past or future, current. |
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| A tool's ability to measure what it intended to measure |
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| Measures if the difference between the exp. and control groups is real (did the exp. group really perform differently?) |
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| Tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to the larger population |
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| Compares the variance within groups to the variance between groups. Statistical test to compare more than 2 experimental factors. Only determines if one of them was significant, not specifically which one. |
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| Consistency or reproducibility of test results. Can do the same test on different halves of the group, or test then do the same test later, different ways to test for this. |
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| amount of variation that occurs randomly |
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| Sensitivity and specificity are useful when the protocol involves |
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| screening for a particular condition |
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| What evaluates the cut-off point being used? |
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| Sensitivity and specificity |
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| True positives. Proportion of diseased individuals who test positive for the disease |
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| True negatives. Proportion of individuals without the disease that test negative for having the disease. |
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| Variables are characteristics that may have different... |
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| values from observation to observation |
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| (non-ordered). gender, race, marital status, present/absent; see none of those can be ordered within themselves |
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| (ordinal). Best to worst, stage of disease state like stage of edema; things that it makes sense to rank against each other |
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| data with numbers, like number of clinical visits |
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| underlying continuous scales, like blood pressure, temperature, age |
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| Dependant variables are _______ of the study |
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| Independent variables are the ones you ___ in your study |
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| Convenience or accidental sampling examples |
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| taking pts into the study as they are dx'd w/ the disease at your hospital. There is no attempt to control bias |
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| randomization from the entire population |
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| non-probability sampling is |
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| convenience or accidental sampling, quota sampling |
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| The selection of pts in the same ratio that they are found in the general population |
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| "Measure of central tendency" means |
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| midpoint of observations arranged low to high. If even # of observations, average the 2 middle ones |
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| most frequently occuring value |
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| How values are distributed about the mean |
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| the difference between the lowest and highest values |
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| indicates the degree of dispersion around the mean value of a distribution. |
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| Standard deviation calculation |
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| Square root of the sum of squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of observations |
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| What % of observations, on average, fall within -1 - +1 standard deviations? |
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| What % of observations, on average, lie above or below -1 - +1 standard deviations? |
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| What % of observations, on average, lie between -2 - +2 standard deviations? |
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| relationships between varying types of data |
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| What makes a linear correlation coefficient (r) strong? |
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| When the values are close to a straight line |
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| The value of r (linear correlation coefficient) is always between: |
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| A linear correlation coefficient of r=1 means what? |
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| A positive straight line upwards from bottom left to upper right |
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| A linear correlation coefficient of r= -1 means what? |
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| A negative straight line from upper left to lower right |
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| A linear correlation coefficient of r= 0 means what? |
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| There is no linear relationship, points are probably scattered all around the graph |
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| What r values are for strong to very strong correlation? |
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| What r values are for very weak to low correlation? |
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| The ___ the p-value, the ___ the significance of your results. |
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| What type of variable goes on the y axis of a line graph? |
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| What type of variable goes on the x axis of a line graph? |
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| Frequency goes on the _ axis of a line graph? |
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| Method of classification goes on the _ axis of a line graph? |
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| a bar chart LOOKIN thing whose bars are proportional in area to the frequency in each class/group. it summarizes data from a process that has been collected over time. |
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| Bar chart probably has spaces between bars and does %, not frequency |
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| mortality is the rate of death, morbidity is the rate of disease |
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| Techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set, what you can infer from the results of your study |
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| Test for nonparametric data, which don't follow a normal distribution |
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| Only 2 categories possible - yes/no, heads/tails |
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| How do you collect attitudinal data? |
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| Used to compare 2 or more categorical variables. Compares the frequency with which we'd expect observations to occur with the frequency that actually occurred. |
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| Tests for a significant difference between the means of 2 different populations. Tests null vs alt. hypothesis |
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