Term
| what must be breached to cause infection? |
|
Definition
| Chemical and Physical barriers |
|
|
Term
| what are two important barriers? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial linings of skin and gut |
|
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Term
| What does innate mechanisms lead to? |
|
Definition
| recruitment and initiation of adaptive mechanisms |
|
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Term
| how does viruses typically enter the host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are viruses neutralized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when antibodies bind to virus? |
|
Definition
| antibodies can prevent virus from binding to a target cell receptor |
|
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Term
| which type cell-mediated immunity is important for viral control and clearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which T cells secrete cytokines that promote antiviral activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine directly induces an antiviral state in adjacent cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine indirectly assists via promotion of CTL differentiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which T cell actively find and destroy (through apoptosis) virally infected host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Hepatitis C overcome and how? |
|
Definition
| It overcomes interferon antiviral effects by blocking/inhibiting PKR |
|
|
Term
| When HSV inhibit TAP activity, what does it lead to? |
|
Definition
| It will effectively shut down MHC Class I presentation to CD8+ T cells |
|
|
Term
What are two viruses use similar strategy of HSV virus?
(reminder: HSV inhibits TAP activity, effectively shutting down MHC class I presentation to CD8+ T cells) |
|
Definition
| Adenoviruses and cytomegalovirus |
|
|
Term
| Which MHC class do Measles virus/HIV inhibit? |
|
Definition
| They inhibit MHC class II expression and presentation to helper T cells |
|
|
Term
How basic types are there for influenza virus and list them:
|
|
Definition
Three basic types and they are:
|
|
|
Term
How many key viral glycoproteins are there and describe them?
(hint: they belong to Influenza virus) |
|
Definition
Two key viral glycoproteins:
- Hemagglutinin (HA): allows attachment of virus to cells
- Neuraminidase (NA): helps new virus escape from host cells
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|
|
Term
Who primarily controls Tuberculosis?
(hint: it's a T cell) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how CD4+ helper T cells controls Tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| CD4+ helper T cells produce IFN-y helps macrophages ingest and destroy the microbes |
|
|
Term
If macrophages can't eliminate the microbe, what will be the result?
|
|
Definition
| Chronic Inflammation will result if macrophages can not eliminate |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is Tuberulosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is Influenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is Diphtheria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Diphtheria controlled? |
|
Definition
| Immunization with inactivated toxoid |
|
|
Term
| How can Diphtheria spread? |
|
Definition
| Although Diphtheria falls under bacterial infection, it is also a human infection which spreads by respiratory droplets |
|
|
Term
| What can Diphtherica damage? |
|
Definition
| It can damage heart, liver, and kidneys. It also causes fibrous membrane formation in respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| List one example parasitic infection mentioned in lecture: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of parasite is Malaria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of parasite that carries Malaria? |
|
Definition
| Genus Plasmodium species carried by female Anopheles mosquitoes |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is African Sleeping Sickness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes African Sleeping Sickness? |
|
Definition
| African Sleeping Sickness is caused by two trypanosome species transmitted by tsetse fly bites |
|
|
Term
describe how African Sleeping Sickness gets into body:
|
|
Definition
First of all, African Sleeping sickness gets into body from (through) protozoan which differentiates and divides every six hours in blood. Once it's in the blood the following steps take over:
- moves from blood to central nervous system
- expresses 1 VSG gene at a time
- prevents effective immunity
- Results in waves of parasite multiplication/symptoms
|
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is Leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
| Leishmaniasis is a Parasitic infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It lives in macrophage phagosomes. It is then transmitted by sandflies.
- It also produces one of two syndromes:
- Localized cutaneous self-resolving lesion
- systemic visceral leishmaniasis
- nearly always fatal without treatment
- Resistance is mediated by an effective TH1 response and IFN-y secretion.
- Individuals skewed to TH2 response are less likely to resolve leishmaniasis infections
|
|
|
Term
| Who is responsible for most diseases? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic worms (helminths) |
|
|
Term
| How does parasitic worms (helminths) enter body? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic worms (helminths) enter hosts through intestinal tracts |
|
|
Term
Classification of mycoses is based on the following:
|
|
Definition
- Site of infection
- Route of acquisition
- virulence
|
|
|
Term
| Which immune system controls most of fungal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can immunity aganist fungal pathogens be acquired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two evidence proving that individuals can acquire resistance aganist fungal pathogens? |
|
Definition
- Evidence in HIV patients
- Evidence in B cell-deficient mice.
|
|
|
Term
| Which type of T cells are most effective in controlling fungal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Emerging infectious diseases: |
|
Definition
| Something new, not previously observed (e.g., HIV) |
|
|
Term
| Define Re-emerging infectious diseases: |
|
Definition
| Something old, coming back (e.g., TB in the U.S.) |
|
|
Term
| List the new infectious diseases that have recently appeared? |
|
Definition
- Ebola (1976)
- Legionnaires' disease (1976)
- Sever Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS, 2002)
- West Nile Virus (1999 in U.S)
|
|
|
Term
| List the reasons mentioned in lecture on why diseases may re-emerge: |
|
Definition
- Combinations of diseases (HIV and TB)
- Improper antibiotic use (MDR TB, MRSA)
- Laxity in vaccination program adherence
- Diphtheria re-emergence in the former Soviet Union
- Whooping cough outbreaks in the United Sates
- Measles outbreak in the United States
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