Term
penicillins are the #1 cause of allergic reactions
hematologic (lowering the blood count)
neurologic, seizures |
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Definition
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Term
| efficacy, safety, and cost |
|
Definition
| what categories should be used to evaluate antimicrobial therapy? |
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Term
cefazolin IV and cephalexin PO
gram positives: MSSA and beta hemolytic strep
gram negatives: Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella (PEcK) |
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Definition
| spectrum of activity of first generation cephalosporins |
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Term
Cefuroxime IV or PO
gram positives: alpha hemolytic strep
gram negatives: Haemophilus, Neisseria, Proteus, E. coli, Klebiella (PEcK) |
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Definition
| spectrum of activity of second generation cephalosporins |
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Term
Cefotetan and Cefoxitin IV
gram negatives: Haemophilus, Neisseria, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella (PEcK)
anaerobes |
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Definition
| spectrum of activity of cephamycins |
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|
Term
Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime
gram positives: alpha hemolytic strep |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of third generation cephalosporins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of ceftazidime |
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Term
| Ceftriaxone is approximately 50% eliminated via the biliary tract and therefore no dosage adjustment is needed for renal insufficiency |
|
Definition
| are renal dosage adjustments needed for Ceftriaxone? |
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Term
Cefepime IV
gram positives: alpha hemolytic strep
gram negatives: Haemophilus, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella (HENPEcK) and Citrobacter, Acinetobacter, Morganella, Providencia, Serratia (CAMPS) and pseudomonas |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of fourth generation cephalosporins |
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Term
allergic reactions
hematologic
neurologic
disulfiram like reaction |
|
Definition
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|
Term
inhibits dehydropeptidase I of the renal brush border
coadministered with carbapenems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
diarrhea - high risk of C. difficile b/c of broad spectrum
allergic reactions
seizures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| aztreonam is weakly immunogenic |
|
Definition
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Term
gram negative bacilli
can be used in combination to treat staph, enterococci and certain mycobacteria |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of aminoglycosides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how are aminoglycosides eliminated? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which aminoglycoside can be used synergistically to treat enterococci? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which aminoglycoside has greater activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa? |
|
|
Term
improves peak to MIC ratio and maximizes concentration dependent bactericidal activity
takes advantage of post antibiotic effect (stun the bacteria so they can't grow anymore)
gives kidneys time to recover so possibly less nephrotoxicity
less potential for resistance
lower cost of supplies and nursing time |
|
Definition
| advantages of once daily dosing for aminoglycosides |
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Term
| MAJOR: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (vestibular and auditory), neuromuscular blockade |
|
Definition
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|
Term
urinary tract pathogens: Enterobacteriaceae
staphylococcus aureus including MRSA |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
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|
Term
CA-MRSA skin and soft tissue infections
urinary tract infections |
|
Definition
| therapeutic uses of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| how is sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim eliminated? |
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|
Term
hypersensitivity reactions
renal: can crystallize and cause stones if not hydrated, counsel patient to take with water, contraindicated in renal failure
hematologic - bone marrow suppression common at high doses |
|
Definition
| ADRs of sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
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|
Term
gram positive aerobes
atypicals |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
respiratory infections
sexually transmitted diseases
skin infections |
|
Definition
| main indications of tetracyclines |
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|
Term
photosensitivity
discoloration of developing teeth
esophageal ulceration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MRSA, VRE, PRSP (S. pneumoniae)
enterics
respiratory gram negatives
anaerobes
atypicals
bacteria NOT susceptible: Pseudomonas and Proteus |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of tigecycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decrease maintenance dose in LIVER failure |
|
Definition
| when should there be a dose decrease for Tigecycline? |
|
|
Term
active, but resistance is developing
S. pneumoniae
respiratory gram negatives
atypicals |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of macrolides |
|
|
Term
nausea
abdominal pain, worst with erythromycin
metallic taste, clarithromycin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin |
|
Definition
| which macrolides utilize the hepatic chromosome P-450 enzyme system, primarily 3A4? |
|
|
Term
| FDA advisory on use due to HEPATIC FAILURE |
|
Definition
| why is telithromycin rarely used? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa atypicals
no longer active against gram positives |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of ciprofloxacin IV or PO |
|
|
Term
Streptococci
Enterobacteriaceae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, high dose 750 mg/day only
atypicals |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of Levofloxacin |
|
|
Term
Streptococci
Enterobacteriaceae
some anaerobes
atypicals
not for urinary tract infections |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of Moxifloxacin |
|
|
Term
C. difficile diarrhea
CNS effects
arthropathy
tendonitis/tendon rupture
QT interval prolongation CAUTION WITH OTHER MEDS THAT PROLONG QT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multivalent metal cations (Ca, Mg, Fe) |
|
Definition
| quinolone drug interactions |
|
|
Term
anaerobes
aerobic gram positive bacteria |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of Clindamycin |
|
|
Term
GI upset
diarrhea
C. difficile pseudomembranous colitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of Metronidazole |
|
|
Term
CNS effects
GI upset
Metallic taste
disulfram like reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aplastic anemia (irreversible)
bone marrow suppression (reversible)
gray baby syndrome (primarily neonates) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aerobic gram positive
not orally absorbed |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
nephrotoxicity
drug fever
infusion related side effects (red man syndrome) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolized to several active metabolites |
|
Definition
| metabolism of quinupristin/dalfopristin |
|
|
Term
aerobic gram positive cocci
Enterococcus faecium (VRE) but not E. faecalis
Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin |
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|
Term
severe pain and inflammation at infusion site
arthralgia/myalgia |
|
Definition
| ADRs of quinupristin/dalfopristin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aerobic gram positive cocci
MRSA
Streptococcus pneumoniae
VRE (E. faecium) |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of linezolid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mono amine oxidase inhibition may lead to serotonin syndrome with SSRIs |
|
Definition
| drug interaction of linezolid |
|
|
Term
| pneumonia, lung penetration is good |
|
Definition
| therapeutic uses of linezolid |
|
|
Term
inactivated by pulmonary surfactant
eliminated in the kidneys |
|
Definition
| distribution and elimination of daptomycin |
|
|
Term
aerobic gram positive cocci
MRSA
VRE |
|
Definition
| spectrum of activity of daptomycin |
|
|
Term
| myopathy - damages muscle cells b/c the drug cannot distinguish between bacterial cell membranes and human cell membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nephrotoxicity
birth defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
infection of Clostridium difficile (anaerobic Gram + cocci) to LOCALLY treat in the GI tract
but the drug IS NOT ABSORBED ORALLY |
|
Definition
| when is the only time vancomycin is given orally? |
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