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| dramatic innovations in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communications and equally rapid changes in society and commerce |
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| Farming just enough to feed yourself, your family, or your part of the village |
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| Each field was rotated, one to fallow, one for a type of grain, and one either for another grain or for livestock to graze on |
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| The transformation of farming that resulted in the 18th century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques, and livestock breeding, and the consolidation of small holdings into large farms which tenants and sharecroppers were forcibly expelled |
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| Sowing device that precisely plants seeds and covers them |
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| Growing unalike crops in nearby areas in different seasons to give nutrients in the soil a chance to replensish themselves |
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| When prosperous landowners tried new methods like fencing off their fields, improving the soil, and breeding better livestock. Turned tenents away |
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| encouraged by european gov., to channel private savings into industrial investments |
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| An industry where the creation of products and services is home-based, rather than factory-based. While products and services created by cottage industry are often unique and distinctive given the fact that they are usually not mass-produced, producers in this sector often face numerous disadvantages when trying to compete with much larger factory-based companies. |
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| the manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor inro many small repetitive tasks. Introducedinto the manufacture of pottery by joseph wedgewood and into cotton by richard arkwright |
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| English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine quality pottery by industrial methods |
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| a manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered by wedgwood, it lowered cost and increased productivity |
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| the application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were spinning of cotton and weaving of thread |
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| spun cotton by drawing out the cotton fibers and twisting them into thread |
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| produced thread strong enough to be used without linen, required a water wheel to power |
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| combination: produced strong thread that could make muslin, at a lower cost |
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| perfected after 1815, includes spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule |
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| separates seedpods from fibers of cotton and made cotton growing economical |
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| Building erected in Hyde Park, London for the great exhibition of 1851. Made of Iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age |
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| mass production of easy-fit parts for things like sewing machines for easy repairs |
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| a machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. Improved by Watt in the 1760's. Steam power was later applied to machinery in factories and in powering ships and locomotives |
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| Scot who invented the condeser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. Watt is names after him |
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| Locomotive, invented by the Stephensons which pulled a 20 ton train at 30 mph |
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| a device for rapid, long distance transmittion of info over an electrical wire. introduced in England and NA in the 1830's and replaced telegraph systems that used visual codes like semaphores |
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| Inventor of the series of dots and dashes that can be transmittied via telegraph |
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