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| hired Jackie Robinson, ending segregation in the Major Leagues |
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| won many legal battles for the NAACP, most notably Brown v. Board of Education |
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| Chief Justice who issued the Supreme Courts unanimous decision in Brown V. Board of Education, which overturned the "seperate but equal" doctrine and led to the desegregation of American schools |
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| member of the Women's Politcal Council who suggested the idea for the Montgomery bus boycott |
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| enforced the Brown ruling by placing the National Guard under federal command to protect the 9 African American students entering Central High School; urged Americans to respect the Constitution and the authority of the courts |
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| peacefully refused to comply with bus segregation laws, leading to the organization of the Montgomery bus boycott |
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| Governor of Arkansas who refused to comply with the Brown ruling and attempted to prevent integration at Central High School |
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-National Associal for the Advancement of Colored People
-focused on gaining legal equality. appealed mainly to middle- and upper-class African Americans |
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-Congress on Racial Equality
-challenged segregation through peaceful means such as organizing demonstrations. played a major role as the movement intensified |
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-Southeren Christian Leadership Council
-led my Martin Luther King Jr., a southern religious civil rights group dedicated to the idea of nonviolent protests. Shifted focus of the movement to the South |
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-Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committe
-initially led by Bob Moses. A student civil rights group that focused more on the demands of younger African Americans. Dedicated to more immediate change rather than gradual change |
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-Tactic: protestors peacefully sat-in at segregated publci places
-Outcome: some segrationists reacted with violence; protestors were sometimes arrested; sit-ins were often successful |
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-Tactic: freedom riders (black and white) rode desegregated buses in the South to test adherence to Supreme Court rulings
-Outcome: angry mobs attacked riders in the deep South; photographs of the violence shocked the nation; the government responded by sending protection to the riders and increasing the enforcement of desegregated interstate transportation |
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| Integration at "Ole Miss" |
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-Tactic: African American student James Meredith attempted to enroll at the all-white University of Mississippi
-Outcome: the Supreme Court ruled that Meredith could enroll; Mississippi Governor Barnett ignored the ruling; Kennedy sent federal marshals to restore order and allow for peaceful integration |
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-Tactic: civil rights groups traveled to Birmingham to protest segregation peacefully through boycotts, marches, and attempts at integration
-Outcome: Dr. King wrote "Letters from Birmingham Jail," Police Commissioner Connor authorized violence against marchers; scenes of violence on TV appalled the nation; the campaign ultimately led to the desegregation of city facilities and other gains |
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-increased Justice Department authority to enforce school desegregation and enforce fair voting practices
-banned the use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites
-prohibitted discrimination in public accomodations
-banned discrimination in hiring practices on the basis of sex, race, religion, or national origin |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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-allowed federal officials to register voters where local officials blocked registration
-eliminated literary tests and other voting barriers |
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| -outlawed the poll tax, which had been used to keep African Americans from voting |
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