Term
| What are the three major division of the immune system? |
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Definition
1. Humoral immunity (Ag-Ab)
2. Cell mediated immunity
3. Complement and its cascade of activation |
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Term
| Which type of immunity involves (Ag-Ab) response and plasma circulating immunoglobulins (Ab)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of humoral immunity produces the Ab's IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE and IgD? |
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Definition
| B cell line generated (lymphocyte) humoral immunity |
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Term
| What type of immunology involves lymphocytes' response to foreign Ag and involves multiple subsets of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of T lymphocytes? |
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Definition
T-helper cells
T-suppressor cells
Cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
| What division of immunology involves plasma proteins activated by Ab attaching to surface of invading microbes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can complement and its complexes attack? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pathways of action does the complement system have? |
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Definition
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Term
| "refers to a type of test that looks for non-specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate that the organism (Treponema pallidum) that causes syphilis is present. The term "reagin" means that this test does not look for antibodies against the actual bacterium, but rather for antibodies against substances released by cells when they are damaged by T. pallidum." -wikipedia |
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Definition
| RPR- Rapid plasma reagin- screening test |
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Term
| What are 6 types of immunological diagnostic testing? |
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Definition
Enzyme immunoassays (EIA)
Immunofluorescence
Particle agglutination/agglutination inhibition
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Complement fixation
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) |
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Term
| What are 2 types of immunofluorescence? |
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Definition
Indirect fluorescent Ab (IFA)
Direct fluorescent Ab (DFA) |
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Term
| What are 5 clinical utilizations of immunological dx testing? |
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Definition
Dx of infectious diseases
Dx of autoimmune disease
Monitor disease prevention (vaccination)
Allergy testing
Organ transplantation |
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Term
| What are 6 common immunological studies? |
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Definition
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Fluorescent treponemal Ab-absorbed double stain (FTA-ABS DS)
AutoAb
Allergy testing
Lymphocyte surface markers
Lyme (EIA or IFA) |
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Term
| What are 2 common autoAb immunological studies? |
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Definition
Antinuclear Ab (ANA)
Anticardiolipin Ab (ACA)
(ex: Antiphospholipid Ab test) |
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Term
| What is a type of common allergy testing immunological studies? |
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Definition
Radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
(ex: Allergy specific IgE assay) |
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Term
| What are 2 common lymphocyte surface marker immunologic studies? |
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Definition
CD4, CD8, CD2, CD19
Histocompatibility Ag, like Human leukocyte Ag (HLA) |
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Term
| What is an example of ACA? |
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Definition
| Antiphospholipid Ab test is an example of Anticardiolipn Ab (ACA) |
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Term
| What is an example of an RAST? |
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Definition
| Allergy specific IgE assay is an example of a radioallergosorbent test (RAST) |
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Term
| What is an example of a histocompatibility Ag? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pathology of RA? |
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Definition
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder involving Abs directed against IgG, that forms immune complexes (IgG-IgM) [igG RA igM- GRAM] |
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Term
| What is a test utilized for dx and monitoring RA? |
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Definition
| Rheumatoid factor tests for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
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Term
| Do low titers exclude RA? |
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Definition
| Lower titers do not exclude rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| On what are positive rheumatoid factor results based? |
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Definition
| Positive results are based upon titers along with clinical history and clinically defined criteria |
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Term
| False positive rheumatoid factor results are noted in what conditions? |
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Definition
| False positive results are noted in other autoimmune disorders like SLE and Sjögren's syndrome, in elderly pts, and recently immunized pts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does a high CRP indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In what organ is CRP produced? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Which is more sensitive: CRP or ESR? |
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Definition
| CRP is more sensitive than ESR |
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Term
What is indicated in multiple inflammatory processes such as:
Coronary artery injury/disease
Bacterial infection
Tissue necrosis
RA (and other autoimmune disorders)
Wound infections |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels decrease with tx, resolution, or suppression of inflammatory disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| What test involves falsely increased levels with drugs, smoking and body habitus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Does a negative ANA diagnose or exclude SLE? |
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Definition
| Negative result excludes SLE |
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Term
| What is ANA diagnostic for besides SLE? |
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Definition
| other autoimmune disorders |
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|
Term
What test involves diagnostic results with titer and any of the four patterns:
diffuse
peripheral
speckled
nucleolar? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tests complement activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anti-Smith and anti-scleroderma-70 are what type of tests? |
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Definition
| Additional ANA tests for more specific autoimmune disorders |
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Term
| What is defined as the removal of specific blood components and returning remaining components to donor; blood product usually noted as "single donor"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the process of transferring blood products from one person's circulatory system to another's? |
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Definition
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Term
| What involves an autoAb disease directed against RBCs that acctivates complement cascade and damages cells? |
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Definition
| cold Agg- active at lower temperatures |
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Term
| What involves autoAb disease that involve IgG; pts may present with hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
| warm autoAb- autoAb disease more active at 37degreesC |
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Term
| What is also known as blood bank? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is highly regulated by the FDA, AABB, ARC, and state? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what processes and distributes blood products adn involves compatibility and cross-match testing? |
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Definition
| Immunohematology- Transfusion medicine |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who meet eligibility criteria |
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Term
| What are 3 tests done for blood donor units? |
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Definition
ABO AND Rh typing
Ab screening
Screening tests for donor infection |
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Term
| What are 4 screening tests for donor infection? |
|
Definition
Hep B and C
HIV/HTLV testing
Syphilis
West Nile Viris |
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Term
| What are 3 clinical indications of blood transfusion? |
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Definition
Life threatening (surgery and trauma)
Anemia
Exchange transfusion |
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Term
| Blood groups are defined by molecules found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which blood typing system is most significant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is also known as D Ag? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is exemplified by Kell, Duffy, Lewis, and MNS plus others? |
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Definition
| 27 additional recognized blood group systems- minor system |
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Term
| What are 4 indications for blood typing? |
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Definition
blood donation
blood recipient
screening; preoperative
blood typing of expectant mothers/neonate |
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Term
| What aspect of transfusion medicine involves 4 major groups of naturally occuring Ags with genetic distribution? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does sensitization to Rh antigens occur? |
|
Definition
via pregnancy:
Rh (-) mother acted on by Rh (+) fetus
Maternal anti Rh (+) IgG antibodies affect fetus in future pregnancies
Sensitization may also occur via blood transfusion
prevention = early prenatal care |
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Term
| What blood type is called a universal donor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood type is called a universal recipient? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is compatibility the same with blood and plasma transfusion? |
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Definition
| compatibility different from plasma transfusion |
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Term
What involves Type and Rh,
Type and Screen
Type and crossmatch
Blood compatibility testing, and
Indirect/Direct Coomb's (indirect/direct Ab test) |
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Definition
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Term
| What test determines ABO type and Rh status? |
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Definition
| clinical lab Agglutination of serum or plasma |
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Term
| When are type and Rh tests indicated? |
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Definition
newborns
blood donation
type specific uncross-matched blood tranfusion |
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Term
| What screens for and ID's unexpected RBC alloAbs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What type of tests are exemplified by the following?:
Direct Coomb's test
Test of lysis of RBCs
Pt's RBCs against prepared serum |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In what test are RBCs washed prior to testing? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 indications for Direct Ab testing? |
|
Definition
transfusion rxns
hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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|
Term
What type of tests are exemplified by the following:
Indirect Coomb's
Test to detect Ab's against RBCs |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When are Indirect Ab tests indicated? |
|
Definition
screening portion of "type and screen"
detect cold Agg
Detect autoAb's |
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|
Term
| What type of testing is necessary for blood component therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For what must recipients of blood component therapy be screened? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Whole blood
packed RBC's
Fresh frozen plasma
cryoprecipitat
platelets
leukocyte concentrates
RhoGAM
Albumin
Purified factors
all exemplify what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves 3% of recipient's HCT per unit transfused? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When are packed RBCs indicated? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What involves plasma (volume) and all coagulation factors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What involves a 20-30% increase in recipient's coagulation factor activity per unit? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When is fresh frozen plasma indicated? |
|
Definition
coagulation disorders
massive transfusion |
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|
Term
| Is ABO compatibility required for fresh frozen plasma? |
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Definition
| ABO compatibility required |
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|
Term
| Should plasma be type specific? |
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Definition
| type specific if possible |
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|
Term
| When can group AB plasma be used? |
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Definition
| For all groups in an emergency |
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|
Term
| When can group AB plasma be used? |
|
Definition
| For all groups in an emergency |
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|
Term
| When can o plasma be used? |
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Definition
| resrict group o recipients - o plasma |
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|
Term
| Does apheresis involve single or multiple donors? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should CMV negative blood products be used? |
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Definition
| CMV negative- donor is CMV negative |
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|
Term
| When should irradiated blood products be used? |
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Definition
| irradiated- radiated product for viral inactivation |
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|
Term
What are exemplified by
Hemolytic rxns
allergic rxns
febrile rxns
bacterial contamination
circulatory overload
Transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is passed from mother to child? |
|
Definition
| IgG passes during Gestation |
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|
Term
| 4 confirmatory tests of various chemical urine analytes? |
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Definition
1. ketones/acetace tests detects.
2. sulfosalicylic A test (SSA)- protein confirmatory test.
3. ClinaTest (reducing sugars).
4. ICTOTest (bilirubin). |
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Term
| the standard treponemal antigen serologic test for syphilis, demonstrates specific treponemal antibodies in patient serum. |
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Definition
| fta-abs ds, fluorescent treponemal Ab-absorbed 2x stain- confirmatory test |
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Term
| ordered to help screen for autoimmune disorders and is most often used as one of the tests to diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with SLE and mixed connective tissue disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and mixed connective tissue disease |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| associated with scleroderma and polymyositis |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| these crystals you should never see |
|
Definition
| cystine tyrosine lucine crystals- liver failure |
|
|
Term
| triple phosphate, calcium oxate crystals look like |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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