Term
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Definition
| required for thymic expression of tissue-specific proteins. Inactivation results in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Autoimmunity Polyendrocinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy) Syndrome. Mutations in the AIRE gene. Results in hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, primary hypogonadism, and chronic candida infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| on the surface of Helper T cells and transmits an inhibitory signal. Polymorphisms are associated with autoimmune diseases. |
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Term
| Autoimmunity Lymphadenopathy Syndrome, ALPS: |
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Definition
| Defect in fas gene. massive lymphoproliferation varying degrees of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, and other autoantibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor on cells that induces programmed cell death when the receptor is ligated. Mutation results in ALPS |
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Term
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Definition
| essential gene for t regs. |
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Term
| Sympathetic ophthalmia is an example of what? |
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Definition
| exposure of sequestered self antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| In generative lymphoid organs, immature lymphocytes recognize self antigen. Usual mechanism is apoptosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| In peripheral tissue, mature lymphocytes recognize self antigen and become nonreactive. Occurs by one of many mechanisms. |
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Term
| Mechanisms of self tolerance |
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Definition
1. Apoptotic cell death (clonal deletion).
2. Functional inactivation without cell death (clonal anergy).
3. Clonal ignorance.
4. Suppression of lymphocyte activation and effector functions by regulatory lymphocytes.
Central tolerance is mostly apoptosis and peripheral tolerance is all of the above. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self reactive lymphocytes may fail to recognize or respond to some self antigens in the periphery, but the cells neither die nor become anergic. |
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Term
| Entry of HIV requires binding to what surface proteins |
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Definition
| CD-4 and chemokine coreceptors either CCR5 or CXCR4. CCR5 is present primarily on memory CD4 positive T-cells whereas CXCR4 is most abundant on naïve CD4 T-cells. |
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Term
| What do HIV proteins nef and Vpu do? |
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Definition
Nef downregulates MHC-I
Nef and Vpu downregulate CD4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative factor - major virulence factor of HIV. Activates T cells through TCR-z to insure infection, downregulates CD4 and 28, MHC I and II. **Only downregulates HLA-A and B, it leaves C and E which don't present viral antigens. This way it evades CTLs and NK cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV protein. Inhibits APOBEC3G by redirecting ubiquitin ligase against it. |
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Term
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Definition
| innate defense protein against virus infection. It can deaminate “C” to give “U”. “U” is the equivalent of “T” in DNA, and the change from C to T executed randomly throughout the viral genome results in lethal (against the virus) hypermutation. |
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Term
| Which Th response favors killing of intracellular pathogens |
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Definition
| Th1 favors by IFN gamma which activates macrophages to kill. Th2 inhibits by IL-10 and IL-4 production. |
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Term
| Superantigens bind to which subunit of which component of T cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Polyspecific esp for LPS, quick IgM response independent of T-cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marginal zone b-cells. Found in spleen, similar to B-1 cells in that they produce a rapid IgM response independent of T cells. |
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Term
| Which bacteria causes relapsing fever |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bacteria causes relapsing fever |
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Definition
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Term
| Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
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Definition
| Involves NK cells recognizing and killing antibody coated virally infected cells. |
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Term
| Hyper-acute graft rejection |
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Definition
| characterized by thrombotic occlusion of the graft vasculature in a very short time frame. Minutes to hours. Common with xenograft. Also common in allografts with mismatched ABO typing because those antigens are present on every cell. |
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Term
| Direct recognition of allo antigens |
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Definition
| Graft MHC similar enough to host that it can directly present to host TCR. Results in a large number of naive allo-reactive T-cells |
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Term
| Indirect recognition of allo antigens |
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Definition
| Hosts APCs take up graft cells and present antigen to T-cells as new peptides. "minor histocompatibility antigens." |
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Term
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Definition
| 7-10 days. CD4 and CD8 cells are the main players. CD8 cells do most the killing. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 months or more."rejection by occlusion" in that the insides of the vessel expand out with abnormal growth of the endothelial cells until the blood flow is so restricted that the tissue dies. |
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Term
| Mechanism of cyclosporine and FK-506 in immunosupression |
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Definition
| Blocks calcineurin which is needed by NFAT, a transcription factor that is responisble for IL-2 and other cytokine production. |
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Term
| Mechanism of rapamycin in immunosuppression. |
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Definition
| Blocks protein translation in proliferating cells |
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Term
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Definition
| See previously made flash cards |
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Term
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Definition
| major controller of redox homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delayed typer hypersensitivity-The process of activating macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens, requires t-cell help. Is this the same as type IV hypersensitivity? |
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Term
| Cytomegalovirus, Herpes virus mechanism of immune evasion |
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Definition
| Inhibition of class I MHC presentation of cytosolic antigens |
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Term
| Tumor specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) |
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Definition
| antigens expressed on tumors that are tumor specific, their presence is recognized by T-cells and may sometimes stimulate tumor rejection responses. TSTAs are products of mutated normal cellular genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins or peptides with characteristics similar to TSTA that are present on the cell surface of many cancers derived from similar cell types. Common tumor antigens may be organ-specific markers, or may represent proteins encoded by a virus. |
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Term
| tumor associated antigens (TAA) |
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Definition
Antigens that elicit a non-protective antibody response. Oncofetal antigens – antigens normally expressed only in development, e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha fetoprotein.
b. Altered glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens resulting from defects in complete glycosylation of proteins or lipids.
c. Tissue specific antigens – antigens specific for a particular tissue cell type. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transcription factor that is ultimately blocked by Cylosporin and Fk56 binding to calcineurin |
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Term
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Definition
| If CD4 cells proliferate that means they have one MHC II in common or are very similar. If CD8 cells proliferate that means they have at least one MHC I in common or very similar |
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Term
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Definition
| Reccurent sinopulmonary infections and chronic diarrhea and should be screened with quantitative IgG, IgM and IgA and maybe IgG subclasses by nephelometry |
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Term
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Definition
| patients suffer blood stream and other infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitides or gonorrhea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abscesses, boils, pneumonias and other tissue infections occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated with severe viral, fungal and intracellular bacterial infections. Workup should consist of delayed hypersensitivity skin tests with candida, tetanus antigen and maybe PPD. |
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Term
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Definition
| becomes spontaneously activated under conditions of mild chronic oxidative stress. It controls many genes, including production of the pleiotropic inflammatory cytokines TNF, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-8. This transcription factor also controls the expression of numerous cellular adhesion molecules like ICAM-1 plus inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase II (COX-2). |
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Term
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Definition
| activities are inhibited under conditions of excessive oxidative stress. |
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