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| functional system, not a particular organ but several organs invloved. Also invloves cells and molecules and diverse tissues throughout the body. |
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| Troops-always ready to fight. Present at birth, No prior exposure necessary, Respond the same each time the body is exposed, responses are effective to lots of pathogens, even things your body has never been exposed to , reduces workload for specific defense mechanisms. contain 2 lines. 1-Surface/external barriers 2-Internal defenses |
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| Navey Seals- take more time to mobolize the first time they are calle upon, but the second time they act faster. |
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| skin and mucous membranes that make it mechanically difficult for pathogens to get in our bodies. The skin is too dry, has low pH, sheds, contains defensins, lactic acid, and lysozyme. Mucous membranes are sticky and trap and they also contain lysozyme. |
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| peptide that pokes holes in membranes. |
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| emzyme that is disruptive to pathogen cell walls. |
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| miscellaneous barrier strategies |
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| cilia in respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing, tears , cerumen, low ph, diarrhea, acid vagina, etc.. |
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| antimicrobial proteins, antimicrobial cells, pyrexia, and inflammation process. |
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| for protection against viruses-they alert neighboring cells & prevent them from infection. They also break down viral genes or prevent replication. They also activate NK and macrophages which destroy viruses and cancer. They are secreted by our own body cells that have been infected by a virus. |
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| 30+ in body. they circulate blood in inactive form and are activated by presence of pathogen. Inactive=C3 but active they split into C3a & C3b. they bring about the 4 methods of pathogen destruction which are inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis, and cytolysis. |
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| An antimicrobial cell-large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria. Secrets perforins and granzymes. It also can destroy cells infected by bacteria or viruses, cancer cells, and cells of transplanted organs and tissues. |
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| performins punch a hole in the bad guys cell membrane and granzymes organize death to the cell. Granzy |
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| other anitmicrobial cells |
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| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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| most abundant, 1st to arrive and die, really good at killing bacteria-contain superoxide anions-kills bacteria, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite-chlorine. These are the dumb cells because they kill very thing and even themselves and our own body cells. |
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| weak but useful phagocytes-respond to antigen-anitbody complexes. surround parasites like tape & ring worm. produce superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and neurotoxin. Stimulates Mast Cells & basophils to degranulate releasing histamine. Then histaminase to limit allergic & inflammatory responses. |
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| Help out WBC, release histamine (vasodilator) release heparin (inhibits formation of clots, makes it easier for WBC to move around infected site). |
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| also release histamine and heparin. in |
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| monocytes emigrate from the blood in the tissue spaces to become macros. arrive late-but they clean up. |
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| Kupffer cells of liver, alveolar dust cells of lung alveoli, and many in spleen, lymph nodes, and RB marrow. |
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| Eat the pathogen, put a piece on their shirt and wear it, therefore, other cells are activated. |
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| fever. abnormal elevation of body temp from many diff causes. |
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| Benefits of moderate fever |
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| intensifies effects of interferons, enhances phagocytosis, increases lympo activity, elevates metabolic rate which accelerates tissue repair, causes liver & spleen to sequester iron, zinc, & copper which is needed for bacteria replication. Kills &/or inhibits growth of some microbes. but many like heat. |
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| C3a (complement protein effect) |
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| Produces a inflammation-brings more wbc to fight. |
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| C3b (complement protein effect) |
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| promotes immune clearance- bad guys to rbc where rbc travel to the spleen to die. enhanced phagocytosis via opsonization- sprinkling sugar and making them taste better and cytolysis-cell breakdown via Membrane attach complexes, so cell contents leak out. |
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| Membrane attack complex- punch a hole in cell membrane and everything spills out. |
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| (fever)Exogenous pyrogens and endogenous pyrogens |
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exo-bacterial endotoxins and endo-our own neutrophils and macrophages secrete "pyrogens" when they eat bacteria.
*IL-1 and 6 (interleukins) |
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Stimulate thee hypothalamus (via release of prostaglandins) to raise the set point for body temps.
Pyrogens stimulate anterior hypothalamus to release PGE and PGE increases the hypothalamic set point. Thus, having a fever. |
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Proteins in cell coagulate and they denature at high temps.
nerve damage at 105.8 f
103-danger of heat stroke
105-delirious/convulsions/coma
110-irreversible brain damage or death |
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it is a non-specific local defensive response to tissue damage. Common response to most disease states.
Purpose:
Dispose of pathogens, dead cells, and debris.
prevent spread of infection.
prepare the site for tissue repair.
it is regulated by cytokines. |
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mast cells, basophils, & damaged cells secrete vasoactive chemicals:
Histamine, kinins, leukotrienes.
Local vasodilation of blood vessels-heat and erythema
local increased capillary permeability-edema and pain. |
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| four cardinal signs of inflammation |
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heat-increases metabolism and increases the speed of mitosis & tissue repair-allows easier wbc & plasma protein movement.
erythema-increased blood flow at body core temp, to inflammed site.
edema-contributes to tissue clean up by compressing veins & reducing venous drainage.
pain-due to release of chemicals that stimulate nerve endings. |
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margination-selections & integrins
diapedesis-
chemotaxis-
phagocytosis-
pus formation- |
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