Term
| 3 Functions of the Lymphatic system |
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Definition
| 1.return fluid that leaks out of capillaries 2.transports fats absorbed by digestive system 3.to assist the bodies immune system. |
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Term
| Heirarchy of Lymphatic Blood Vessels |
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Definition
| start with lymph capillaries--->lymph vessels ---->lymph nodes ----->lymph trunks ---> Lymph ducts----> subclavian veins |
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Term
| Lymphatic Ducts and where they drain |
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Definition
| The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper extremitiy and the left thoracic duct drains all the lower extremites and the left upper extremity |
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Term
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Definition
| expanded portion of the left thoracic duct in the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| forces fluid out of capillary |
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Term
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Definition
draws
fluid back into the capillary |
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Term
| lymphatic organs include... |
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Definition
thymus gland
tonsils -palantine, lingual, pharyngeal
spleen - red and white pulp
lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| includes processes that take place in the body without specifically recognizing the invading microorganism |
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Term
| Epidermis function during non specific immunity |
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Definition
| dead bacteria on skin release compounds that are toxic to other microorganisms - in some cases its better to not wash them off. |
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Term
| Acidity of Stomach function during non specific immunity |
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Definition
| pH often < 2, destroys many microorganisms |
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Term
| macrophage cells in non specific immunity functions |
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Definition
| recognize foreign particles in general and engulf them by phagocytosis and release proteolytic enzymes to digest the foreign material |
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Term
| kinds of macrophages (5) and locations |
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Definition
Histiocytes - search loose connective tissue.
Recticular cells in lymphatic tissue
Alveolar macrophages -Lungs
Kupffer cells - Liver
Microglial cells - CNS |
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Term
| Interferon (non specific immunity) |
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Definition
| discovered in 1950s, this compound was isolated from viral infected cells and gives short acting non specific immunity to adjacent cells |
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Term
| Endogenous pyrogens (non specific immunity) |
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Definition
| chemicals (probably interlukin-1)secreted by WBC in response to cell wall fragments of gram negative bacteria. |
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Term
| Endogenous pyrogens (what do they do?) effects |
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Definition
| initiate fever production, resetting the body’s internal thermostat. High fevers can initiate a positive feedback loop where the body tries to increase temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of about 20 beta globulins that act nonspecifically to destroy pathogens |
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Term
| complement (what does it do?) effects |
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Definition
Enhancing inflammatory response
Opsinization -makes phagocytosis easier by coating with a protein.
Cytolysis - puncturing cell wall of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| makes phagocytosis easier by coating with a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the recognition of specific parts of pathogenic organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| specific proteins on the outside of the pathogen...generally have to have molecular wts > 10,000amu |
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Term
| How was specific immunity discovered? |
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Definition
| Specific immunity was discovered in the 1800’s by work of von Behring when he discovered he could inject guinea pigs with sub lethal dose of diptheria bacteria and these would subsequently survive lethal doses of the same bacteria. He could also give new guinea pigs and injection of the serum and they to would be protected |
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Term
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Definition
| works in the body fluids and consists of very specific proteins called antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes. The antibodies circulate throughout the body in the blood and tissue fluids. The react only with their specific antigen. You can think of this as being a lock-key system. |
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Term
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Definition
| involves T lymphocytes (several kinds) that search themselves through the body looking for spefic antigens. Here the actual t-lymphocytes attach to the antigen and destroy the invading microorganism |
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Term
| antigenic determining sites |
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Definition
| several places on their molecule that are capable of stimulating antibody formation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| anitbodies categorized by |
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Definition
| based on the structure of their crystallizable involved in fragments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most antibodies in plasma and tissue fluids,secondary immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody found in saliva and milk |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in hypersensitivity reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| function prior to immunization and are involved in primary immune responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| stored in case this specific pathogen should ever re-invade the body. They are long lived cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fully functional antibody secreting cells and can crank out upto 2,000 antibodies/second for their relative short lives of 5-7 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| released by activated Tc cells during cell immediated immunity response |
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Term
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Definition
interferon
interlukin 2 - stimulates macrophages
lymphotoxins-destroys DNA of cells
macrophage activating factors
macrophage migration inhibiting factors
Tumor necrosis factor |
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Term
| types of specific immunity |
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Definition
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the immune system fails to recognize self antigens. The immune system begins attacking your own body systems. |
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Term
| reasons why autoimmunity occurs |
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Definition
cross reactivity
abnormal exposure of self antigens to blood
changes in self antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| when antibodies against foreign protein attack self antigens. Example rheumatic fever….antibodies against streptococcus organism also attacks heart cells |
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Term
| how changes in self antigens happen |
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Definition
| Some viruses can alter self antigen so that the body thinks they are foreign. This is how Type I diabetes mellitus occurs….a virus alters antigens on beta cells and the bodies immune system attacks and destroys them. |
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