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| Leonardo DaVinci proclaimed himself this, meaning he wasn't a member of the scholarly elite who knew latin - he figured out everything he did by his own experimentation, and he argued everybody else could too |
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| “Anatomy of the World” by John Donne |
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| A poem written by catholic cambridge student Donne about how frigtening the world is after the earth, and consequently people, are removed from the center of the universe. This captures the real nervousness around the scientific revolution |
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| Means "center of the world": for Europeans, western Turks, and north Africans this really WAS the center of their world |
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| “where there is shouting there is no science” |
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| DaVinci's dislike of scholars who spent most of their time bantering back and forth and arguing with eachother. This, he said, gets us nowhere |
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| The mysteries of the handaxe: why were so many made for such a long time? Why did their fundamental design never evolve or change? How were they so widespread? |
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| Axe-shaped stones found across Eurasia, appearing after the first tools and before the upper paleolithic explosion |
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| The study of ignorance coined by Proctor |
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| Islamic scholar who figured out algebra, and wrote in a really convoluted manner (the word gibberish) |
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| Truth, greek meaning literally "that which is not forgotten" - Science is remembering in a sea of forgetfullness |
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| Ptolemeic book of astronomy written around 100 AD that was the standard until gallileo came around |
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| Native americans in the south west that lived around a millenia ago and disappeared after 300 years - they were expert astronomers who used stone tablets to track solstices and equinoxes |
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| European physician who pioneered accurate anatomical illustration by actually DISECTING bodies (getting his hands dirty, as opposed to just reading texts) |
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| Descartes' concept of our emotions and instincts, as opposed to the divorced purely-thought soul responsible for "reason" and centered in the H-gland |
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| The artist lady that discovered the sun dagger |
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| Attributing human qualities to non-human things, especially animals |
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| The study of how ancient peoples studied astronomy, for instance the anasazi and stonehenge |
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| Material, shape, movement, and goal (eg wood, blueprint, carpenter, house) |
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| A painting of a landscape by DaVinci that illustrated his view of the world as a giant organic thing, really wavy and animated and such |
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| "Peace be with you" - Columbus's first words to Native Americans show how influential Islamic Empire was |
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| "Indivisble" - Originally a greek concept by Democritus that matter was made of combinations of tiny indivisible particles |
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| Bacon’s 3 Great Inventions |
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Definition
| 3 great inventions of the chinese bacon recognized - the magnetic compass, gun powder, and the printing press |
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| Bacon's scientific framework that one cannot trust one's senses and must determing EVERYTHING through experiment and direct experience. Empiricism |
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| Bacon's Great Instauration |
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| A book, the cover of which showed a ship sailing through Hercules's pillars into the mediterranean |
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| History covering more than the written record - human origins before writing, possibly even before humans |
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| Similar to biological, but specifically chemical. Snake venom arrows |
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| Turns out to be a very old concept of humans using biological things as weapons - pots full of scorpions in iraq, plague infested corpses, pigs!? |
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| the theory that early native americans followed megafauna and hunted them faster than they could reproduce |
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| Cave containing rocks with scratches on them dating to very early upper paleolithic--there is debate whether the scratches were art, recordings, or just angry cavemen with sharp things |
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| The concept that what we do to our surroundings comes back and effects us - pertinent to biological and biochemical warfare |
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| The idea that the line between science and non-science, such as magic or alchemy, is pretty vague and what we consider to be science and nonscience is subjective |
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| The chinese term for a comet - they thought it looked like a broom, europeans thought it looked like a dagger. The chinese were keen observers of these- they knew the tail always points away from the sun |
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| Gould proposes decimation - that life starts off really diverse, but most branches die off and a small number survive and begin to expand into the future |
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| The idea that the mind (reason) and the body (our physical presense and "animal spirits") are separate from eachother |
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| The mayan pompei - a volcano erupted and preserved the town perfectly, though this time the people got out before it was too late :D ! |
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| This is stupid, chemical warfare was already on the list |
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| Notions of balance, macrocosom and microcosm, etc etc |
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| Bugs that live on cactai, when dried out and ground up produce a brilliant red dye. The europeans were astounded! They only became obsolete around the mid-1800s |
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| A large compendium of DaVinci's notes, including his thoughts on the nature of water |
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| Science is always performed under the context of a society, and we often ignore that |
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| The world as we see it today didn't HAVE to turn out this way |
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| The idea that the sun is the center of the universe - oh shit!! |
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| Came up with the Copernican revolution in order to work out calendar accuracy |
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| Copernicus' De Revolutionibus |
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| The work he published his Copernican Revolution in |
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| The western body of works saying the microcosm is linked to macrocosm |
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| Guilds of women scientists in Germany prior to the 20th century |
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| Cabinets of interesting things European nobles and academies kept around the scientific revolution |
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| First presidetn of stanford - Used science to further racism, thought blacks and whites were different species (preadamism, hey!!) |
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| De Humani Corporis Fabrica |
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| Vesalius's work describing the "human fabric", or how we're made. Featured a lot of woodcuts showing the rise of medical illustration |
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| de-differentiation Theory |
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| "Truth through debate" - Ancient greeks thought the best way to arrive at the truth was healthy discussion amongst peers |
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| Jackass spaniard who destroyed a LOT of mayan books, records, and art because they were "heretic" |
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| Magic view of the world - nature provides clues for us, such as stitch patterns on leaves reflecting their healing power, or the bond between knife and wound |
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| "Disease" where slaves want to run away from their masters for some reason |
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| One of the best surviving examples of mayan writing - Accurately tracks the position of venus |
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| The western notion that science and religion have to be strictly seperated |
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| Early Modern v. Modern Society |
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| Changes in the structure of western society resulted in a harsher environment for women scientists (fewer venues for science, now ONLY at universities) |
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| Sociologist of science, published a book about the history of "genius" (he says the very concept didn't really exist before the rennaisance) |
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| "The ideal" - Greek concept of the ideal version of every object - the ideal triangle, the ideal apple, etc. This can be seen in illustrations in plant guides: the ideal mushroom, not a picutre of a real but imperfect one |
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| Husband wife team of astronomers, show the paradigm of scientist teams including women before the 1800s |
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| You can slam this on rocks to make achulean handaxes |
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| When a chunk of rock on the opposite end you hit falls off (you need to be careful about this, it can make or break a good achulean handaxe) |
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| The best rock to make handaxes out of |
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| The concept that western society is the best and has triumphed over all else - borderline racist, more than borderline silly |
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| the place where the anasazi placed their giant stone calendar slabs |
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| The concept that what we see as a finished artifact - the achulean handaxe, might just be the waste left over from the true artifacts - in this case, obsidian shards or whatever |
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| Wood, fire, earth, water, metal |
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| The concept that the entire world is made up of four elements (fire, water, earth, mist) that can be mixed together to form everything we see |
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| Black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood - the greeks said us humans are made of just this! |
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| "Measuring the earth" - Greeks put a lot of thought into measurements and records like this |
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| A feature or thing caused by an extinct thing - for instance, avocados and MEGASLOTHS |
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| Italian who was persecuted by the catholic church for musing about humans on other planets and if they each have their own Jesus |
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| Stuff that destroys castles - the chinese had it first |
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| A stone to hit a bigger stone with to produce a handaxe (interchangable with antler) |
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| Crazy german philosopher who thought the Chinese were incapable of abstract thought due to their language structure |
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| Hercules killed the hydra and then dipped his arrows in her blood to create poison arrows - a mythical example of biological warfare |
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| Magician who never actually existed |
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| Magic often practiced in secret due to charges of heresy! |
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| Islamic anthropologist, went on larger voyage than Marco Polo did |
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| Islamic scientist, author of the cannon of medicine |
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| Ideologies of Representation |
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| How humans are represented is EXTREMELY subjective - the cave man hunched over and hairy or upright and proper |
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| The magical idea that words can have an effect on physical matter |
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| Index Librorum Prohibitorum |
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| Banned books by the catholic church, includes greats like Gallileo, Bruno, and Copernicus |
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| The height of the middle-eastern islamic empire, around 650 to 750 AD, which seriously stressed the pursuit of science |
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| Stone without grain - that is, it's the same in every direction - iso: one tropic: level |
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| Scientist who dreamt of ouroboros and realized the cyclical structure of Benzene |
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| What was the key mutation that made us human? Thumbs? Brains? Upright posture? Art? Farming? |
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| Anasazi god represented by venus - every morning venus would rise and the sun would catch up to it and kill it |
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| Descartes' treatise on the human body (part of 3) |
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| Descartes' work on analytical geometry - cartesian coordinates, points on a curve, etc |
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| Ladder model of Evolution |
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| The idea that evolution is ever-rising to the ultimate perfection, and we are highest on the ladder at the moment |
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| The chandelier in a duomo in pisa where galileo figured out the physical forces at work behind pendula |
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| Descartes' treatis on the world (part of 3) |
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| Book containing theory of selfhood: "I think, therefore I am" |
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| Allows people to travel out of view of the coastline over sea - that is, go in a straight line |
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| Woman scientist who went to South America in search of a worm better than the silk worm |
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| Woman astronomer who chose her husband based on how good of an astronomer he was. She was later denied tenure at a university, pushing back women in scinece movements :{ |
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| material culture of science |
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| Science's fixation on "tools of the trade"-beakers, scales, etc-many dating back to the Islamic Empire's scientific days |
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| Blue pigment the mayans developed that is extremely resistant to corrosion over time. Only recently have we been able to figure out how they made it (indigo + a specific kind of clay). They were SO ADVANCED!!! |
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| The idea that the world is one giant machine, greatly espoused by descartes |
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| Giant animals that roamed the americas before early human migrants hunted them to extinction. Megabears. Megatigers. MEGASLOTHS! |
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| Art shortly after DaVinci depicting one of the four humours, responsible for both insanity and genius. Heavy use of symbolism, realism, and a signature (wow !!) |
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| Western part of Turkey where a lot of pre-socratic philosophers came from |
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| Modern Divisions of Labor |
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| Modern ideas seperating the "roles" of men and women |
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| name 2 of Galileo’s contributions |
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| really good telescopes, observation that the moon is not perfectly spherical |
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| Democritus - figured the atom out, and Anaximander - his four element theory |
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| Development of agriculture, towns, communities. Major stage of human development, comes after upper paleolithic. 12000 ya - 6000 ya |
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| Similar to craft guilds, networks of science pre-20th century |
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| Making non-western culutre and history way more exotic than it is. |
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| Understanding something only in the context of its origin |
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| The dragon eating its tail, forever in a circle. Represents cyclical, self-critical thought of the scientific revolution |
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| The theory that we all are descended from one original group of humans migrating out of Africa |
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| Box full of evil, once opened cannot be closed. Good allegory for biological warfare |
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| The guy Hercules gave his poison arrows to. Died when they accidentally hit his foot. Instead of passing them on he dedicated them to a god of healing so they would never harm anyone again |
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| Love of wisdom - The greeks loved knowledge! |
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| Phonetic alphabet as opposed to pictographs representing a word - This was big stuff |
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| Lead paint guys said babies who liked to bite things had this disease (another example of scientific excuses) |
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| Gold currency featuring hercules's pillars on them |
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| Pig squeals frightened elephants, used in india |
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| The pillars Hercules threw into the mediterannean - represent all we know as a species so far |
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| Early era when humans really started to evolve |
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| The idea that "there is more" than what we know |
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| Greek city-states, key political organizations of the time |
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| The idea that on the day people were created, they were created in several places at once (different linneages) |
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| Looking back on the history from a judgemental modern perspective |
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| Projecting modern methods of thought onto old things - Leonardo DaVinci wasn't a spaceman, for instance |
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| Chinese concept of life-force |
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| The "fifth element" other than the four earthly ones, this one is what makes up the heavens and is perfect |
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| Knotted strings that the incans used to keep records and possibly even transmit messages |
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| Making things more real than they really are |
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| "Person" chinese term for humanity |
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| An explosion in scientific thought pre-scientific-revolution, returning to basic questions: "how, WHY, do things work!?". See DaVinci. |
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| Mixing tree sap with juice from the morning glory vine - the native americans did it, amazed the europeans with bouncy balls!! |
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| Islamic emphasis on knowledge and learning |
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| A movement in Europe around the 1700s that started re-questioning the methods by which we know. See Bacon, Descartes, Donne |
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| The arabic warrior guys who dipped arrows in snake venom |
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| DaVinci's idea that science is a sort of second creation of the world through reason, like art is a second creation through imagination |
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| Very nice fabric in china that allowed for trading, paper money, among other things |
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| The shard of light from the anasazi calendar - also a retro documentary movie on the subject |
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| "Blank slate" - We project what we want to see onto this, DaVinci is an excellent example of a tabula rasa |
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| The idea that everything has an end or is working to an ultimate goal - an acorn's goal in life is to become a tree |
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| The concept that it seems like historical milestones are increasing in frequency - either we care more about the present, it really is getting faster, or old achievements are slowly washed away by time |
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| the best time to be a mayan - from around 200 to 900 AD. By the time the europeans came over Maya was already in decline (why?! Maybe ecological/climate reasons?) |
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| the rise of uncommon sense |
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| Modern science is the "rise of uncommon sense" |
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| What is the meaning of being a woman? "We hold these truths..that all men [and women?] are created equal?" |
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| Three Principles of Islam |
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Definition
| You must submit to god, all natural laws and good things are muslim, and as a muslim it's your duty to figure out science |
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Definition
| geological/nonliving (whole arm), hominid development, written human history (1/1000th of white of the fingernail) |
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| two contributions of Alchemy |
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| Distillation, coagulation |
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| two English words from Arabic |
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| Believed the center of the universe was even slightly removed from the sun |
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| Islamic scientists who just won at life - Al Geber, Ibn Sina, etc |
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| Upper Paleolithic Transistion |
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| The advent of art, ritual, and culture around 40000 ya to 10000 ya |
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| Revolution in anatomy following legalization of dissection |
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| Milk. Dripping. From nipples. |
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| The mayans had a concept of zero |
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| Chinese admiral who voyaged possibly as far as Madagascar - wow!! |
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| "Man is a political animal" said the greeks |
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