Term
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Definition
| An abstraction of what an enterprise I sand how the enterprise delivers a product or service, showing how the enterprise creates wealth. |
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Definition
| All the hardware and software technologies that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives |
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Definition
Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings. |
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Definition
| Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use. |
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Definition
| The capture or collection of raw data from within the organization or from its external environment for processing in an information system. |
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Definition
| The conversion, manipulation, and analysis of raw input into a form that is more meaningful to humans. |
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Definition
| The distribution of processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. |
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Definition
| Output that is returned to the appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct input. |
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Term
| Information Systems Literacy |
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Definition
| Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organizations and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers. |
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Term
| Management Information Systems |
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Definition
| The study of information systems focusing on their use in business and management. |
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Definition
| Examples: developing a new product, fulfilling an order, or hiring a new employee. |
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Definition
| Physical equipment used for input, processing, and output activities in an information system. |
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Definition
| Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer hardware components in an information system. |
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Term
| Data Management Technology |
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Definition
The software that governs the organization of data on physical storage media |
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Term
| Networking and Telecommunications Technology |
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Definition
| Physical devices and software that link various pieces of hardware and transfer data from one physical location to another |
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Definition
| The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer. |
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Definition
| Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks. |
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Definition
| Internal networks based on Internet and World Wide Web technology and standards. |
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Definition
| Private intranets that are accessible to authorized outsiders. |
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Definition
| A system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a networked environment. |
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Term
| Information Technology Infrastructure |
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Definition
| All the hardware and software technologies that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving proper consideration to the impact of organizational change associated with a new system or alteration of an existing system. |
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Definition
| The unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce a product or service. |
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Term
| Chief Information Officer (CIO) |
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Definition
| Senior manager in charge of the information systems function in the firm. |
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Term
| Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM) |
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Definition
Information systems that track all the ways in which a company interacts with its customers and analyze these interactions to optimize revenue, profitability, customer satisfaction, and customer retention. |
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Term
| Decision-support Systems (DSS) |
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Definition
| Information systems at the organization’s management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical model or data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of the Internet and digital technology to execute all the business processes in the enterprise. Includes e-commerce as well as processes for the internal management of the firm and for coordination with suppliers and other business partners. |
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Term
| Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) |
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Definition
The process of buying and selling goods and services electronically involving transaction using the Internet, networks, and other digital technologies. |
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Definition
| Representatives of departments outside the information systems group for whom applications are developed. |
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Definition
| Systems that can coordinate activities, decision, and knowledge across many different functions, levels, and business units in a firm. Include enterprise systems, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, and knowledge management internal processes of the firm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrated enterprise-wide information systems that coordinate key internal processes of the firm. Also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP). |
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Term
| Executive Support Systems (ESS) |
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Definition
| Information systems at the organization’s strategic level designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications. |
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Term
| Finance and Accounting Information Systems |
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Definition
| Systems keep track of the firm’s financial assets and fund flows. |
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Term
| Human Resources Information Systems |
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Definition
| Systems that maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development. |
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Term
| Information Systems Department |
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Definition
| The formal organizational unit that is responsible for the information systems function in the organization. |
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Term
| Information Systems Managers |
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Definition
| Leaders of the various specialists in the information systems department. |
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Term
| Interorganizational System |
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Definition
| Information systems that automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries and link a company to its customers, distributors, or suppliers. |
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Term
| Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) |
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Definition
| Systems that support the creation, capture, storage and dissemination of firm expertise and knowledge. |
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Definition
| People such as engineers or architects who design products or services and create knowledge for the organization |
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Term
| Manufacturing and Production Information Systems |
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Definition
| Systems that deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services and with controlling the flow of the production. |
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Definition
People in the middle of the organizational hierarchy who are responsible for carrying out the plans and goals of senior management. |
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Definition
| People who monitor the day-to-day activities of the organization. |
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Definition
| Web interface for presenting integrated personalized content from a variety of sources. Also refers to a Web site service that provides an initial point of entry to the Web. |
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| Production or service workers |
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Definition
| People who actually produce the products or services of the organization. |
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Definition
Highly trained technical specialists who write computer software instructions. |
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Term
| Sales and Marketing Information Systems |
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Definition
Systems that help the firm identify customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet their needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support. |
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Definition
| People occupying the topmost hierarchy in an organization who are responsible for making long-range decisions. |
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Term
| Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM) |
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Definition
Information systems that automate the flow of information between a firm and its suppliers in order to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialists who translate business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems, acting as liaison between the information systems department and the rest of the organization. |
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Term
| Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) |
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Definition
| Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business; they serve the organization’s operational level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Setting strict standards for products, services, or activites and measuring organizational performance against those standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most successful solutions or problem-solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry. |
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Term
| Business Process Reengineering (BPR) |
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Definition
| The radical redesign of business processes, combing steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paper-intensive tasks in order to improve cost, quality, and service, and to maximize the benefits of information technology |
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Term
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Definition
| Model used to describe the interaction of external influences, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect an organization’s strategy and ability to compete. |
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Term
| Computer-aided Design (CAD) system |
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Definition
| Information system that automates the creation and revision of designs using sophisticated graphics software. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activity at which a firm excels as a world-class leader |
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Term
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Definition
| The total elapsed time from the beginning of a process to its end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technologies with disruptive impact on industries and businesses, rendering existing products, services and business models obsolete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of business organization characterized by heavy centralization of corporate activities in the home county of origin |
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Term
Efficient Customer Response System |
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Definition
System that directly links consumer behavior back to distribution, production, and supply chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of business organization in which a product is created, designed, financed, and initially produced in the home country, but for product-specific reasons relies heavily on foreign personnel for further production, marketing, and human resources |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to offer individually tailored products or services on a large scale. |
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Definition
| Form of business organization that concentrates financial management and control out of a central home base while decentralizing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model of strategic systems at the industry level based on the concept of a network where adding another participant entails zero marginal costs but can create much larger marginal gains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities most directly related to the production and distribution of a firm’s products and services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product or service’s conformance to specifications and standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activities that make the delivery of a firm’s primary activities possible. Consist of the organization’s infrastructure, human resources, technology, and procurement. |
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Term
| Total Quality Management (TQM) |
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Definition
| A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Truly global form of business organization where value-added activities are managed from a global perspective without reference to national borders, optimizing sources of supply and demand and local competitive advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Model that highlights the primary or support activities that add a margin of value to a firm’s products or services where information systems can best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Customer-driven network of independent firms who use information technology to coordinate their value chains to collectively produce a product or service for a market. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses networks to link people, assets, and ideas, enabling it to ally with other companies to create and distribute products and services without being limited by traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations. |
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Definition
The process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology for creating interactive Web applications capable of updating the user interface without reloading the entire browser page. |
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Term
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Definition
| Programs written for specific application to perform functions specified by end users. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effort to develop systems that can manage themselves without user intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A powerful programming language with tight control and efficiency of execution; is portable across different microprocessors and is used primarily with PCs. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs. |
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Term
| CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) |
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Definition
| Read-only optical disk storage used for imaging, reference, and database applications with massive amounts of unchanging data and for multimedia. |
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Term
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Definition
Processing that is accomplished by one large central computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The user point-of-entry for the required function in client/server computing. Normally a desktop computer, workstation, or laptop computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model for computing that splits processing between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Web-based applications that are stored on remote servers and accessed via the “cloud” of the Internet using a standard Web browser. |
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Term
| COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) |
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Definition
| Major programming language for business applications because it can process large data files with alphanumeric characters. |
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Term
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Definition
Software used for creating and manipulating lists, creating files and databases to store data, and combining information for reports. |
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Term
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Definition
| High-capacity optical storage medium that can store full-length videos and large amounts of data. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distribution of computer processing work among multiple computers linked by a communications network. |
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Definition
| Method of distributing the computing load (or work) across many layers of Internet computers in order to minimize response time |
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Term
| Extensible Markup Language (XML) |
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Definition
| A more powerful and flexible markup language than hypertext markup language (HTML) for Web pages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem. |
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Definition
| Systems that have been in existence for a long time and that continue to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an open-source offshoot of UNIX and that can run on many different hardware platforms and is available free or at very low cost. |
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Definition
| Largest category of computer, used for major business processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composite software applications that depend on high-speed networks, universal communication standards, and open source code and are intended to be greater than the sum of their parts. |
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Definition
| Integrated circuit to which two or more processors have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Technology that builds structures and processes based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. |
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Term
| Offshore Software Outsourcing |
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Definition
| Outsourcing systems development work or maintenance of existing systems to external vendors in another country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Firms off-loading peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale data processing centers, investing just enough to handle average processing loads and paying for only as much additional computing power as they need. Also called utility computing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Software that provides free access to its program code, allowing users to modify the program code to make improvements or fix errors. |
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Definition
| The system software that manages and controls the activities of the computer. |
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Term
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Definition
| The practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors. |
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Definition
| Software tools that provide immediate online answers to requrest for information that are not predefined. |
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Term
| SaaS (Software as a Service) |
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Definition
| Services for delivering and providing access to software remotely as a Web-based service. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to servce a larger number of users without breaking down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network. |
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Term
| Service Level Agreement (SLA) |
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Definition
| Formal contract between customers and their service providers that defines the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the level of service expected by the customer. |
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Term
| Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) |
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Definition
| Software architecture of a firm built on a collection of software programs that communicate with each other to perform assigned tasks to create a working software application. |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources, such as the central processor, communications links, and peripheral devices. |
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Term
| Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) |
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Definition
| Designates the total cost of owning technology resources, including initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training. |
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Term
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Definition
| Operating system for all types of computers, which is machine independent and supports multiuser processing, multitasking, and networking. Used in high-end workstations and servers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presenting a set of computing resources so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location. |
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Term
| Visual Programming Language |
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Definition
| Allows users to manipulate graphic or iconic elements to create programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Easy-to-use software tool for accessing the World Wide Web and the Internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Company with large Web server computers to maintain the Web sites of fee-paying subscribers. |
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Definition
| Software that manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored and that delivers the page to the user’s computers. |
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Definition
| Set of universal standards using Internet technology for integrating different applications from different sources without time-consuming customer coding. Used for linking systems of different organizations or for linking disparate systems within the same organization. |
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Definition
| Small software program that can be added to a Webpage or placed on the desltop to provide additional functionality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated tasks at once. |
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