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| Philosophy and movement that began in middle of the nineteenth century with the work of Karl Marx; it has the same general goals as socialism, but it includes the belief that violent revolution is necessary to destroy the bourgeois world and institute a new world run by and for the proletariat. |
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| Urban working class in a modern industrial society. |
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| Battle (1898) in which British troops kill 11,000 Sudanese in five hours, demonstrating the increasing power of Western military technologies. |
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| Meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided the justification for European colonization of Africa. |
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| British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces. |
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| Rebellion (1905) of east Africans that sought to defeat the Germans through traditional magic. |
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| Nineteenth-century attempt to justify racism by scientific means; an example would be Gobineau's Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races. |
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African National Congress
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| An organization, led by Nelson Mandela, that launched a campaign to protest apartheid in South Africa. |
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| British declaration from 1917 that supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. |
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| Conference in Indonesia (1955) at which twenty-nine nonaligned nations met. |
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| Old Russian term for king that is derived from the term caesar. |
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| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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| Japanese theater in which actors were free to improvise and embellish the words. |
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| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity. |
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| Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan. |
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| Term for centers of urban culture in Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate. |
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| Group founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1540 that maintained high educational standards and served worldwide as missionaries. |
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| Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). |
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| Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent on their ability to look after the welfare of the population. |
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| Chinese dynasty (1368-1644) founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance. |
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| Only city in Japan open to the outside world where only Dutch merchants were permitted to trade. |
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| Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). |
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| Chinese dynasty (1644-1911) that reached its peak during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong. |
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| System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. |
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| Civil servants, selected through rigorous examinations and schooled in Confucian texts and calligraphy, who governed the Chinese empire of the Qing dynasty. |
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| Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyalty, and the divinity of the emperor. |
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| Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor. |
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| Last shogunate in Japanese history (1600-1867); it was founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu who was notable for unifying Japan. |
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| Invented in 1856, this device allowed for the production of cheaper, stronger steel. |
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| Middle class in modern industrial society. |
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| Purified coal that replaced charcoal as the principle fuel during the nineteenth century. |
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| Karl Marx's 1848 work decrying the excesses of capitalism and predicting the rising of the proletariat to establish a just, egalitarian society. |
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| Early-nineteenth-century artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrialization. |
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| Political and economic theory of social organization based on the collective ownership of the means of production; its origins were in the early nineteenth century, and it differs from communism by a desire for slow or moderate change compared to the communist call for revolution. |
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| Device invented in 1765 by James Watts that burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel. Widespread use by 1800 permitted greatly increased productivity and cheaper prices. |
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| Association of workers with the aim of protecting workers' interests. |
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| Dutch farmers who settled South Africa during the seventeenth century. |
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| French colonies in southeast Asia, established during the nineteenth century, that included modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. |
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| Nineteenth-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for the control of central Asia. |
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| Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara. |
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| Term associated with the expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies, mainly from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. |
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| Labor source in the Americas; wealthy planters would pay the European poor to sell a portion of their working lives, usually seven years, in exchange for passage. |
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| Forum established in 1885 where educated Indians convened to discuss public affairs such as colonial misrule and aims for self-rule. |
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| Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam. |
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| Islamic dynasty that ruled India from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries; the construction of the Taj Mahal is representative of their splendor; with the exception of the enlightened reign of Akbar, the increasing conflict between Hindus and Muslims was another of their legacies. |
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| Project (1903-1914) allowing the U.S. access to the Atlantic and the Pacific. |
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| Indian syncretic faith that contains elements of Hinduism and Islam. |
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| Nineteenth-century philosophy, championed by thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, that attempted to apply Darwinian "survival of the fittest" to the social and political realm; adherents saw the elimination of weaker nations as part of a natural process and used the philosophy to justify war. |
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| War lasting from 1898 to 1899 in which the United States took Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines from Spanish control. |
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| United East India Company (VOC) |
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| Dutch joint-stock company, founded in 1602, that operated Dutch trading posts with government support but with little government oversight. |
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| Movement (1899-1900) in which local militias attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians. Eventually put down by European and Japanese troops. |
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| A term, usually associated with India, that placed an emphasis on religious rather than national identity. |
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| Process by which former colonies achieved their independence, as with the newly emerging African nations in the 1950s and 1960s. |
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| Economic doctrine that unrestricted trade is ideal since the forces of supply and demand will ensure that the best product is available at the best price. |
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| Revival of Muslim traditions through the reassertion of Islamic values into Muslim politics and the resentment of European and American societies. |
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| Retreat of Chinese Communist Party (1934-1935) after the Nationalist Party turns on them following their combined Northern Expedition to reunify China. |
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| African kingdom founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. |
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| Indian troops who served the British. |
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| Jewish nationalism in response to European anti-Semitism. |
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| Highly unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the nineteenth century that symbolized the decline of the Ottomans. |
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| Napoleon's reform that granted political and legal equality to all men. |
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| Russian parliament, established after the Revolution of 1905. |
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| Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China. |
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| Chinese reforms of 1898 led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in their desire to turn China into a modern industrial power. |
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| Slave troops serving the Ottoman Empire. |
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| Conflict lasting from 1839 to 1842 in which the Chinese efforts to stop the opium trade were rejected and crushed by the British. |
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| Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of S端leyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566). |
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| Self-strengthening movement |
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| Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology. |
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| Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked. |
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| New capital built by Peter the Great in 1703. Known as the "window on the west," the city served as headquarters for the navy and government. |
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| Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century. |
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| "Reorganization" era (1839-1876), an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman empire on Enlightenment and constitutional forms. |
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| British treaty with China in which they gain rights to the opium trade, most-favored-nation status, Hong Kong, and exemption from Chinese laws. |
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| Nineteenth-century Turkish reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman empire, such as universal suffrage and freedom of religion. |
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| African syncretic religion, founded by Dona Beatriz, that taught that Jesus Christ was a black African man and that heaven was for Africans. |
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| People who have settled far from their original homeland but who still share some measure of ethnic identity. |
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| Sub-Saharan African people who, beginning in the seventeenth century, began a series of wars designed to impose their own strict interpretation of Islam. |
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| Large sub-Saharan African kingdom in the fifteenth century. |
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| City-state on the east coast of Africa that exported gold across the Indian Ocean. |
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| Kingdom dominating small states along the Congo River that maintained effective, centralized government and a royal currency until the seventeenth century. |
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| West African kingdom that between 1623 and 1663 experiences some success in resisting Portugal. By the end of the seventeenth century, the kingdom succumbs and becomes the Portuguese colony of Angola. |
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| Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Affonso I (r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade. |
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| Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663). |
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| Empire that replaced Mali in the late fifteenth century. |
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| African city-state society that dominated the coast from Mogadishu to Kilwa and was active in trade. |
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| City in Mali, Africa, that was notable for its Islamic university and 180 religious schools. |
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| Trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that featured finished products from Europe, slaves from Africa, and American products bound for Europe. |
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| Long-lasting empire centered at Constantinople; it grew out of the end of the Roman empire and carried legacy of Roman greatness and was the only classical society to survive into the early modern age; it reached its early peak during the reign of Justinian (483--565). |
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| Capital of the Byzantine empire and a cultural and economic center. |
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| Islamic religious warrior. |
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| The new name of Constantinople after it is sacked by Sultan Mehmed II in 1453. |
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| Laws issued by the Ottoman Süleyman the Magnificent, also known as Süleyman Kanuni, "the Lawgiver." |
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| An autonomous, self-governing community in the Ottoman empire. |
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| Later Persian empire (1501-1722) that was founded by Shah Ismail and that became a center for Shiism; the empire reached its peak under Shah Abbas the Great and was centered around capital of Isfahan. |
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| Islamic minority in opposition to the Sunni majority; their belief is that leadership should reside in the line descended from Ali. |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
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| "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead. |
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| Ottoman Turkish ruler Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566), who was the most powerful and wealthy ruler of the sixteenth century. |
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| Outstanding example of Mughal architecture located at Fatehpur Sikri, the Mughal capital of Akbar. |
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| Branch of Islam that stressed that there were twelve perfect religious leaders after Muhammad and that the twelfth went into hiding and would return someday; Shah Ismail spread this variety through the Safavid empire. |
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