Term
| Difference between positive and negative stain: |
|
Definition
Positive stains cells
Negative stains the extracellular materials, not the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Crystal violet (purple)
2. Iodine - mordant (fixant)
3. Alcohol - decolorizer
4. Saffarnin - counterstain (red) |
|
|
Term
| What does bipolar staining look like and list an example. |
|
Definition
| Looks like a safety pin or 2 cocci ex. Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
| Medically significant gram positive bacteria: (14 total) |
|
Definition
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Corynebacterium
Lactobacillus
Propionibacterium
Actinomyces
Bacillus
Clostridicum
Listeria
Peptostreptococcus
Bifidobacterium
Enterococcus
Garnerella (stains gram -)
Mobiluncus (stains gram -, very thin cell wall) |
|
|
Term
| Medically significant "kidney bean" shaped diplococci: (3 total) |
|
Definition
Neisseria
Veillonella
Moraxella |
|
|
Term
| Medically significant "lancet-shaped" diplococci: (1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genera of acid fast positive (pink) bacteria: (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genera of bacterial Endospore-formers: (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genera of gram negative comma (vibrio) shaped bacteria: (3) |
|
Definition
Vibrio
Helicobacter
Campylobacter |
|
|
Term
| Describe shape and arrangement of cocci: |
|
Definition
shape = round
arrangments:
Staph (clusters)
Strep (chains)
Diplo (pairs)
*medically significant diplococci include Neisseria, Moraxella, Veillonella (look like two kidney beans) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (diplococcal pneumonia) looks like two footballs end to end...lancet shaped. |
|
|
Term
| Describe shape and arrangement of bacillus: |
|
Definition
Shape = rod
Arrangement = random
Coccobacilllus - very short rods
Diptheroids (Corynebacterium) - club shaped
Actinomyces and Nocardia - thin branching filamentous rods |
|
|
Term
| Two arrangements of helicoidal bacteria: |
|
Definition
Curved rod (Vibrio)
Spirochetal (Treponema) |
|
|
Term
| Describe size and shape of pleomorphic bacillus (Haemophilus influenzae): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe chromosomal components and ribosomes of bacteria. |
|
Definition
Bacterial chromosome (nucleoid) = single circular chromosome of double-stranded DNA.
Plasmids or Prophages may be present (extra chromosomes)
Ribosomes = 30S + 50S = 70S |
|
|
Term
| What type of T independent antigens are the structures on the outside of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Type II - T independent antigens. |
|
|
Term
| The significance of Flagella: |
|
Definition
1. Virulence: chemotaxis - motility in response to environment
2. H antigen - aids in serological identification of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Significance of common phili (fimbriae): |
|
Definition
| Virulence: adherence, antiphagocytic, motility |
|
|
Term
| Significance of sex pili: |
|
Definition
| Transmission of genetic material (aids in antibiotic resistance) |
|
|
Term
| Composition of capsules/slime layers/exopolysaccharide of bacteria (K antigen). |
|
Definition
Polysaccharide polymers of one of the following:
1. repeating units of a single sugar molecule (dextran, levan)
2. repeating units of complex polysaccharides of sugar, sugar alcohols, aminosugars, sugar acids.
3. repeating units of D-glutamic acid (forms polypeptide, ex. Bacillus anthracis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protected structure of bacterial cells/microcolonies enmeshed in mucoid exopolysaccaharide adhering to a wet surface.
Bacteria in biofilms undergo a phenotypic change in that they PERSIST in the presence of antimicrobial agents that they are normally susceptible to.
**CDC estimates that 1/2 of human bacterial infections involve biofilms |
|
|
Term
| What are the three medical significances of bacterial capsules/biofilms? |
|
Definition
1. ADHERENCE/virulence to host tissues and surfaces (colonization)
2. ANTIGEN used to IDENTIFY the agent in serodiagnosis
3. PROTECTION against phagocytosis, serum factors, antibodies, antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a bacterial cell membrane: |
|
Definition
-Fluid mosaic model
Unit membrane: phopholipid bilayer w/ hydrophilic groups on top and bottoms and hydrophobic groups in middle.
Embedded polypeptides are stabilized in the membrane by divalent cations and hydrophobic interaction with fatty acid moiety of phospholipids
Unlike eucaryotes, bacterial CMs do not contain sterols EXCEPT Mycoplasma, Helicobacter, Ehrichia, Anaplasma |
|
|
Term
| What three bacterias contain sterols in the cell membranes? (4) |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma Helicobacter Ehrlichia Anaplasma
MEHA |
|
|
Term
Functions of CM in bacteria:
(3) |
|
Definition
1. Permeability and transport
2. e-transport and oxidation phosphorylation (ATP)
3. Contains parts of biosynthetic pathways for cell wall. Site of septum formation in replication. |
|
|
Term
Describe the difference between gram + and gram - bacteria:
(5) |
|
Definition
| 1. Gram+ has a thicker peptidoglycan layer 2. Polysaccharides are covalently linked to peptidoglycan layer in Gram + cell wall, unlike gram - 3. Lipid molecules in cell membrane extend through the peptidoglycan layer in gram +, unlike gram - 4. Gram - cell wall has outer membrane w/ LPS, gram + does not. 5. peptidoglycan layer is located in the periplasm of the gram - cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| Function of cell walls (peptidoglycan) in both gram + and gram - bacteria: |
|
Definition
1. interaction of bacterial w/ environment
-virulence and toxicity factors
- site of antigenic components (O antigen in gram -)
- anchors external structures (flagella, pilli, capsules)
2. site where differential staining occurs
3. shields against environment
- acts as molecular sieve (screens out lg molecules)
- prevents cell bursting, provides mechanical strength
4. Bacteria that lack peptidoglycan (ex. Mycoplasma - penicillin is not as effective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fabric shell encasing the cells, fabric is woven threads.
Shell is a network of polymers. Each polymer consists of repeating units containing N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. |
|
|
Term
| What does lysosome do to peptidoglycan? |
|
Definition
| lysosome acts on the aminosugar backbone, specifically it cleaves the B 1, 4 linkage |
|
|
Term
| The N-acetylmuramic acid subunits on different strands in peptidoglycan are cross-linked via aa sidechains. What does the crosslinking provide? |
|
Definition
1 mechanical strength
2. prevention of cell bursting from osmotic pressure. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cell wall of gram - bacteria. |
|
Definition
Consists of periplasm and out membrane
periplasm has peptidoglycan layer, 1 layer thick
OM is lipid bilayer w/ phospholipid as inner leaflet and LPS as outer leaflet.
LPS is unique to OM of gram - bacteria. Helps resist dyes, hydrolytic enzymes and detergents that gram + are sensitive to. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major function of periplasm? |
|
Definition
1. osmotic protections (**peptidoglycan is in periplasm**)
2. nutrient intake
3. sensory (chemotaxis)
4. degradative enzymes. |
|
|
Term
| Function of OM in gram - bacteria: |
|
Definition
| 1. resistance to dyes, detergents, hydrolytic enzymes (lysozyme). it is a lipid bilayer so it is only permeable to hydrophobic substances. ***gram + lack OM and are susceptible to dyes and what not. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Composed of lipopolysaccharide, phospholipid:
1. lipid bilayer (not phospholipid bilayer), differentially permeable.
2. proteins and lipoprotein
3. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) =endotoxin |
|
|
Term
Structure of lipopolysaccharide LPS (endotoxin, O antigen)
ex: O157:H7 |
|
Definition
1. lipid A
2. core polysaccharide
3. terminal polysaccharide
4. lipooligiosaccharide (LOS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-toxicity of LPS is due to Lipid A
composed of
disaccharides
phosphate groups
fatty acids (B-hydroxymyristic acid) |
|
|
Term
| Core polysaccharide of LPS: |
|
Definition
-can contain sugards, aminosugar, sugar acids, sugar alcohols
-often contains KETODEOXYOCTULONATE (KDO). |
|
|
Term
| Terminal polysaccharide of LPS: |
|
Definition
A unit of sugars, aminosugar, sugar acids or sugar alcohols repeated N number of times = O ANTIGEN OF ENTERICS.
Highly specific
ex. Salmonella |
|
|
Term
| Lipooligiosaccharides (LOS) of LPS: |
|
Definition
Lack O anigentic chain, just contains lipid A and extended core.
examples:
Neisseria meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus ducreyi |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of LPS: (5) |
|
Definition
1. structural component of OM
2. chromosomally encoded
3. broad specificty (effects many organ systems)
4. heat stable (even at autoclave temps, 121 degrees C)
5. Does not form toxoids |
|
|
Term
LPS is broadly specific. What will it effect/activate?
(4) |
|
Definition
1. pyrogenicity - EXOGENOUS PYROGEN
2. activates both alternative and classical complement pathways.
3. activates Hageman Factor XIII
4. induces a SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) pathway - produces most of the effects on the host through induction of endogenous mediators. |
|
|
Term
| What will affect the primary structure of lipid A (endotoxin)? |
|
Definition
BURNING OR OXIDATION ONLY will detoxify endotoxin
this is unlike exotoxins which are inactivated by boiling for 10 min. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical significance of LPS. |
|
Definition
Has many physiological effects which may be factors in pathogenesis of gram - infections.
LPS may induce SIRS.
SIRS = similar to acute inflammation but on systemic scale w/ macrophages, PMNs, endothelial cells serving as effector cells |
|
|
Term
| SIRS may proceed to distributive shock, a type of hypovolemic shock. What is hypovolemic shock? |
|
Definition
| loss of fluid from vascular system causing bp to drop. bp drop is NOT from vascular obstructive or cardiogenic reasons. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical definition of SIRs. |
|
Definition
having TWO OR MORE of the following:
1. temp >38C or < 36C
2. tachcardia >90bpm
3. tachypnea >20 breaths/min
4. leukocytosis (>12,000/mm3) OR leukopenia (<4000/mm3) |
|
|
Term
| How does endotoxin activate SIRs? |
|
Definition
-LPS binds to LBP (lipid binding protein in serum.
LPS-LBP complex interacts seperatly w/
1. membrane bound CD14 receptors on PMNs, macrophages, monocytes. LPS-CD14 binds to LPS signal transducer receptor protein (TLR) on macrophages and the TLR sends the signal through the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
2. soluble CD14 receptor present in serum, then bind to endothelial cells and cell dysfunction begins. |
|
|
Term
Effect of LPS/endotoxin on patient:
(10) |
|
Definition
1. endothelial dysfunciton (leakiness) leads to hypotension, vascular leak syndromes (ARDS)
2. TNF-a, IL1, IL6 are "early" primary endogenous mediators
3. release of arachadonic acid metabolites
4. release of bradykinin
5. activation of alternative and classical pathways of complement.
6. release of histamine from mast and basophils
7. release of NO from endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, cardiac smooth muscle cells, macrophages
8. activates Hageman factor (factor XII)
9. release of free radicals, especially superoxide anions.
10. peeps that survive hyperinflammatory phase enter a state of protracted immunosuppression (immunoparalysis) which manifests as loss of DTH response, failure to clear primary infection, development of new secondary infections, reactivation of dormant viruses (EBV, CMV, HSV) |
|
|
Term
| What does Hageman factor (FXIII) activate? |
|
Definition
the clotting system (fibrin deposition) and fibrinolysis.
Fibrinolysis is then inhibited when plasminogen activator inhibitor is released.
Result = accumulation of undissolved thrombin in microcirculation (called disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC), leading to multiorgan failure (MOF), purpuric skin lesions. |
|
|
Term
| What must be present for sepsis? |
|
Definition
1. infection (pneumonia, UTI, bacteremia)
2. SIRS
(bacteremia does not equal sepsis because BOTH infection and SIRS must be present) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of severe sepsis: |
|
Definition
1. sepsis
2. organ failure (AKA organ dysfunction, multiorgan dynsfunction, multiorgan failure) |
|
|
Term
| Definition of septic shock: |
|
Definition
1. severe sepsis
2. refractory hypotension |
|
|
Term
Clinical manifestations of distributive shock aka hypovolemic shock:
(6) |
|
Definition
1. fever or hypothermia
2. chills
3. leukopenia or leukocytosis
4. tachycardia and tachypnea
5. disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), nonblanching of skin
6. hypotension and shock which can cause MOF or multi organ dysfunciton (MOD) or organ dysfunction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limulus
Amebocyte lysate test and/or monoclonal antibodies against LPS.
Detects presence of nanogram amounts of endotoxin (pyrogen = fever inducer)
Used in the pharmaceutical industry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Protein C - inhibits clotting, activates fibrinolysis and inhibits inflammation
2. Early goal directed therapy (EGDT)
-includes sepsis resuscitation bundle and sepsis managment bundle |
|
|
Term
What is done in the sepsis resuscitation bundle of EGDT?
(4) |
|
Definition
1. serum lactate is measured
2. blood specimen is obtained for culture
3. administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
4. if hypotensive, fluids administered of isotonic crystalloid (saline) or iso-oncotic colloid (4% albumin) or vasopressin. |
|
|
Term
| What is done in the sepsis management bundle of EGDT? (2) |
|
Definition
| 1. administration of corticosteroids 2. tight glycemic control |
|
|
Term
| Describe the structure of a gram + cell wall: |
|
Definition
No OM
No LPS/endotoxin
Contains peptidoglycan, teichonic acid, lipoteichoic acid, numerous macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
| how is peptidoglycan different in gram + cell wall compared to gram - and how is it medically important |
|
Definition
simliar composition to that of gram - but present in much larger amounts and more extensive cross linking. REASON FOR DIFFERENTIAL STAINING.
Med importance:
can induce production of TNFa, IL6, HYPOTENSIVE SHOCK/DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK |
|
|
Term
| Describe lipoteichoic acid found in cell wall of gram + bacteria and its medical importance: |
|
Definition
Polymer of glycerol or ribitol phosphate
Med import:
plays role in adherence, antiphagocytic |
|
|
Term
| Describe teichoic acids found in cell wall of gram + bacteria and its med importance: |
|
Definition
polymer of glycerol or ribitol phosphate
med impor:
produces endotoxin like shock
interacts w/ C reactive protein
activates alt complement pathway |
|
|
Term
| Can DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulopathy) and shock also occur in etiologica agents lacking endotoxin (gram +, fungi, viral infections)? |
|
Definition
Yes because they have other components capable of initiating release of endogenous mediators, producing SIRS.
The body is able to detect infection by different infectious agents (through multi TLR receptors specific for pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMP). |
|
|
Term
What are five PAMPs?
(pathogen associated molecular patterns) |
|
Definition
1. peptidoglycan from certain bacteria
2. teichoic acids polymers
3. n-formyl methionine
4. CpG nucleotides (DNA vaccines)
5. LPS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can survive boiling, desiccation, chem resistant structures which are formed in response to adverse conditions.
Spores can remain dormant for decades until conditions for their gemination are present (H2O and nutrients). |
|
|
Term
| What are the two genera of endospore formers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. submicroscopic entities
2. OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES CAPABLE OF INFECTING SPECIFIC LIVING CELLS AND OF REPRODUCING IN SUCH CELLS ONLY.
3. consists of DNA or RNA and protein, some have envelope
4. possess a definite structure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What makes up the structure of a virus?
(6) |
|
Definition
1. virion (the complete viral particle)
2. nucleic acid
3. capsomeres
4. capsid
5. nucleocapsid
6. envelope |
|
|
Term
| What are the type of nucleic acids found in viruses? |
|
Definition
1. dsDNA
2. ssDNA
3. +ssRNA
4 -ssRNA
5. dsRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of virus
-protein subunits of capsid
-repetitive polypeptide subunits arranged in symmetric patterns = capsid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make up virus
protein shell that covers the core of the NA genome and proteins
made up of capsomeres |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleocapsid? |
|
Definition
part of virus
capsid together w/ the NA genome and any associated proteins |
|
|
Term
| What is the envelope of a virus and what are the two types of envelopes? |
|
Definition
envelope is a viral membrane of virus specific proteins plus host derived lipids and carbs.
the envelope is the only part of the virus that is from the host. the envelope can be taken from any envelop in the host (nuclear, ER, golgi, cytoplasmic membrane)
Types:
peplomer = spikes. plays role in attachment
tegument aka matrix protein: shapeless form b/w nucleocapsid and envelope that mediates interaction b/w capsid and envelope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| naked RNA virus, term is confined to plant viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infections protein (NOT A VIRUS). which causes disease in CNS |
|
|
Term
How are animal viruses classified?
(4 ways) |
|
Definition
1. type of NA
2. capside symmetry
icosahedral -caspsomeres arranged in triangles that form a symmetric shape
helical - capsomeres arranged in hollow core that appears helix shpaed
3. presence or absence of envelope
4. quantitative measurement
icosahedral symmetry viruses the # of capsomeres is quantified
helical symmetry - diameter of helix is measure |
|
|
Term
| What are the six stages of viral replication? |
|
Definition
1. attachment
2. penetration
3. uncoating
4. macromolecular synthesis
5. assembly - viruses autoassemble
6. release - target of antiviral therapy for at least one virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st stage of virus replication
virus ligand binds to a specific receptor site.
specificty of attachment determines both the host range of the virus and the tissue tropism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd stage of viral replication
virion can enter the cell by one of several methods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3rd stage of viral replicaiton
removal of protective coat w/ release of NA.
infectivity is lost
-this the target of antiviral therapy for at least one virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4th stage of viral replication
virus specific mRNA must be transcribed from the viral NA. after transcription, host cell components are used to translate the mRNA into protein. |
|
|
Term
| molecular synthesis of DNA viruses: |
|
Definition
| viral specific mRNA is made the same way as the host specific mRNA |
|
|
Term
| macromolecular synthesis of +ssRNA: |
|
Definition
| viral NA SERVES AS mRNA but they must encode for an RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE to make the antisense RNA to produce the viral genome (+ssRNA) |
|
|
Term
| macromolecular synthesis of retroviruses |
|
Definition
| retroviruses have a REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE (RNA DEPENDENT-DNA POLYMERASE) which transcribes the +ssRNA to DNA, then the mRNA is transcribed from the viral specific DNA. This is the target for many anti HIV drugs. |
|
|
Term
How do viruses enter our bodies?
(5) |
|
Definition
1. aerosol - most difficult to control and most common
2. direct contact
3. ingestion - 2ND MOST DIFFICULT to control and 2nd most common means of entry
4. injection
5. transplacental |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the specificty of a virus for a particular host tissue
virus-receptor interactions are a major determinant of infectivity |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of viral infections? |
|
Definition
1. productive (nonlethal and cell damage/death)
2. persistent (latent, chronic slow) |
|
|
Term
| Nonlethal productive infections: |
|
Definition
| sustained release in absence of lysis (ex. rhinovirus) |
|
|
Term
| Cell damage death productive infections: |
|
Definition
LYTIC - virus replication results in cell death (ex. polio, influenza via VIRAL MODIFICATIONS/DAMAGE OF HOST CELLS).
1. host cell macromolecular synthesis is stopped
2. CYTOPATHIC EFFECT (CPE) of viral proteins on host cells (toxic to cell)
3. inclusion bodies and cell fusion (SYNCYTIA formation)
4. chromosomal alterations can lead to oncogenesis/malignant transformations
5. induce apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| latent persistent infections: |
|
Definition
| intermittent acute episodes of disease between which there is an absence of infectious particles (HSV, varicella-zoster virus) |
|
|
Term
| chronic persist infections: |
|
Definition
| continued presence of virus, but absence of disease (cytomegalovirus, herpes virus 6 & 7, hep B) or is associated w/ late immunopathologic disease (HBV -> cirrhosis of liver or hepatocellular cancer) |
|
|
Term
| slow persistent infections: |
|
Definition
long incubation period then a slow progressive disease occurs (subacute sclerosiing panencephalitis SSPE)
no infectious virion may be detected |
|
|
Term
| Define malignant transformation |
|
Definition
| conversion of a cell from restricted growth to unrestricted growth, which is characteristic of tumors. |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of a transformed cell: |
|
Definition
1. loss of contact inhibition
2. appearance of new antigens (tumor specific antigens)
3. other changes (metabolic, genetic) |
|
|
Term
RNA tumor viruses:
3 examples |
|
Definition
1. HTLV/Human T cell leukemia viruses - primary cell target is the T helper cell
2. lymphotrophic retroviruses
3. Adult T cell leukemia (caused or associated w/ HTLV-1) |
|
|
Term
DNA tumor viruses:
3 examples |
|
Definition
1. HPV
2. EBV (burkitts lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma)
3. HBV - priimary hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| How are viral agents of benign neoplasms different from malignant neoplasms and list two examples. |
|
Definition
Benign are still somewhat organized and will not invade adjacent tissue and undergo metastasis
1. HUMAN WART VIRUS - verruca lesions (skin warts), condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
2. POXVIRUS - molluscum contagiosum |
|
|
Term
| List 4 immune responses to viral infection: |
|
Definition
1. physcial barriers and phagocytes
2. cellular immunity (T lymphocytes, lymphokines, NK cells)
3. Humoral immunity
-virus neutralizaiton via antibody to receptors on virus, prevents virus from attaching. ANTIBODIES ARE VIRUS SPECIFIC NOT HOST SPECIFIC.
- complement and/or antibody dependent lysis of virus infected cells.
4. Non specific
-INTERFERONS - antiviral agents. Natural cell products that stimulate antiviral resistance by interfering w/ virus protein synthesis. HOST SPECIFIC, NOT VIRAL SPECIFIC |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of fungi: |
|
Definition
-eukaryotic (nucleus, membrane, cytoplasmic organelles)
-reproduce sexually or asexually. fungi are classified on type of SEXUAL spores produced.
1. fungi imperfecti: sexual stage not discovered, cause disease in humans
2. other subdivision: sexual stage described |
|
|
Term
| Morphological forms of fungi |
|
Definition
1. yeasts
2. mycelial fungi
3. dimorphism
4. types of sexual spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unicelluar
asexual reproduction by budding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mold form
growth by elongation of hyphae to form a mycelium. Sexual and asexual spores are produced
hyphae: CELLS are branching cylindrical tubules , septa or crosswalks
mycelium: mass of intertwined hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grows as a mycelial at room temp
grows as yeast at 37degree C
growth is temp dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of asexual spore
another name for a yeast |
|
|
Term
| Macroconidia and microconidia: |
|
Definition
type of asexual spore
large and small spores not enclosed in any structure (naked spores)
micro - sm enough to get into alveoli when inhaled, infectious form of fungi
macro - infectious form of fungi that infect skin (dermatophytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
asexual
heavy walled spores produced by fragmentation of hyphae
infectious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heterotropic - require exogenous organic energy
can grow in soil and in body
prefer aerobic condtions |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of fungal cell structure: |
|
Definition
1. capsule (ex Cryptococcus neoformans)
2. cell wall complex (chitin, glycoproteins)
3. cytoplasmic membrane (ergosterol inhibited by Amphotericin B) |
|
|
Term
| What is essential for the control of systemic mycotic infections and the successful resolution of all mycotic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the factors that predispose someone to fungal infections? |
|
Definition
1. environment
2. host factors (age, gender, metabolic abnormalities, immunosuppression, pregnancy, diabetes, oral contraceptives, trauma and burns) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| close association of 2 different organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial association to both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial association for one without affecting the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beneficial association for one and detrimental for the other |
|
|
Term
| Describe classification of the ANIMAL KINGDOM/eucaryotic: |
|
Definition
lack cell wals
may have walls on cyst forms
flexible cuticles or chitinous exoskeletons |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe protozoa and list 4 types: |
|
Definition
microscopic
single cells
1. RHIZOPODS (amoebas): motile by cytoplasmic extensions/pseudopodia
2. FLAGELLATES: motile by means of flagella
3. CILIATES: motile by means of cilia
4. SPOROZOANS: complex life cycles w/ asexual and sexual stages. |
|
|
Term
| Describe helminths and list two types: |
|
Definition
-macroscopic as adults, eggs are microscopic
-mostly monoecious (male and female organs on same individual)
1. PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)
- TREMATODES - FLUKES
- CESTODES - TAPEWORMS
2. NEMATHELMINTHES - ROUNDWORMS/NEMATODES
dioecious (seperate male and female worms) |
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|
Term
Arthropodes:
describe and list a few examples |
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Definition
chitinous exoskeltons
ex. lice, mites, ticks |
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Term
| What are the 3 factors affecting disease production by parasites? |
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Definition
1. species
2. size of parasite
3. unnatural host (visceral larva migrans, human disease caused by dog round worm) |
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Term
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Definition
| host which harbors adult or sexual stage of parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| host in which asexual stage occurs |
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Term
| What 3 clinical aspects are essential in understanding a disease caused by a parasite? |
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Definition
1. where the agent travels in host
2. organs infected
3. host immune response |
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