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| Pope during the Catholic Reformation |
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| Began meeting in 1545 to shape modern Catholicism. Called by Julius II. |
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| The official Catholic bible. |
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| The first reformed pope after the Council of Trent. |
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| Reforms made at the Council of Trent |
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Official Catholic doctrine stated Pope would approve all decisions (kept Church united) Ended some clergy abuses Set up seminaries |
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| Portuguese explorer who brought Indian wares to Lisbon |
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| Spanish explorer who discovered the Americas |
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| Spanish conquerors in Latin America |
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| His ships were the first to round the world, but he died on the way. |
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| Conquered the Inca in Peru |
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| Conquered the Aztecs in Mexico |
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| Factors that led to the opening of the atlantic |
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Need for trade, new shipbuilding technologies, desire to convert natives, nationalism and competition. (Gold, God, Glory) |
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| In the New World, people with indigenous and European heritage. |
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| In this system in the New World, indigenous people were required to work for a landowners a certain number of days of the week, and had their own parcels of land to work for themselves the other days. |
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| European-blooded people who were born and lived in the Americas. |
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| Silver was discovered there |
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| Spanish king during Spain's Golden Age, when commerce was awesome and exploration and conquering were going well. The Philippines are named after him. |
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| Monastery and Spanish royal palace, built by Philip II as a "Perpetual home for the Catholic Crown of Spain". |
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| Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands, rather harsh and cruel |
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| St Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
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| Catholic mob violence against Huguenots |
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| The constitution of the Netherlands |
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| Main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that ended in their independence in 1648. |
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| Queen of Scotland and Queen Consort of France, executed in England for being Catholic. (Elizabeth kept her imprisoned.) |
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Philip II's epically failing armada of heavy slow-moving ships. |
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| The aristocratic social and political system in France prior to the French Revolution. |
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King of France before the French Revolution, and then King of the French during the moderate phase of the revolution. He was beloved at first, but grew to be hated as a symbol of the Old Regime. |
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| The new middle class, members of the Third Estate who had money, but not political rights. |
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| Peasants and middle class- everyone except clergy and nobles. |
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| Vestigial dues owed by French peasants to landowners. |
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Financial minister to Louis XVI. He advised the calling of the Estates General, which caused the National Assembly. By the court, he was regarded as the cause of the French Revolution. He was dismissed because of this, and his dismissal set of the storming of the Bastille. |
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Oath taken by all but 1 member of the 3rd Estate and some of the 1st Estate to make a Constitution for France. They became the Constituent Assembly and then the National Assembly. |
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| The members of the 3rd and 1st Estates who swore to assemble as a government body. |
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Wrote What Is the Third Estate? |
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| 1789 In France, peasants thought mauraders were out to get them and freaked out. |
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In response to the dismissal of Necker, an angry crowd of people stormed the Bastille, a big prison. This is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. |
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A wealthy French citizen who supported the American Revolution. Moderate, denounced the Jacobins. |
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Declaration of 1789 (France) |
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| The first step towards a French Constitution- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| A female playwright and feminist. Demanded the same rights for French women that the men wanted for themselves. |
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| British female philosopher/feminist during the Age of Enlightenment. Advocated education for women. |
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| Holders of extreme revolutionary ideas in France. Members of the Jacobin Club. |
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British political economist during the Enlightenment. Wrote The Wealth of Nations. Advocated free trade, capitalism, libertarianism. |
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| French people who assembled to write a Constitution. |
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King Louis and his family tried to escape to initiate a counter-revolution, but failed to get past Varennes. This marked the beginning of more pronounced hostility towards the monarchy. |
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| New banknotes issued by the National Assembly that caused crazy inflation and screwed everything up. |
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| French nickname for peasant rebellions. (during the Middle Ages) |
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| Effects of the Black Death |
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Disrupted family life Labor was scarce, so wages increased, but work was hard to find also because employers were dead- caused a bunch of worker discontent |
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| Large scale uprising in England in 1381. Asked why some should be rich and others poor. |
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| War between England and France beginning in 1337. Took place in France. |
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| French military heroine, burned in 1431 for heresy. |
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Boniface VIII's declaration that the Roman church was the only salvation. Got Boniface kicked out and replaced with someone more subservient. (pre-reformation) |
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Church now regarded as a tool of France, papacy's prestige dimmed. (pre-reformation) |
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| The election of two popes in 1378. Neither would resign, and both continued ruling for 40 years- this caused religious insecurity. |
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Attempt to assemble a general church council. Largely unsuccessful, but ended the Schism. Dissolved in 1449 (took place after the Great Schism, but before the Reformation) |
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| English Statute of Laborers |
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| Because of black-death-related economic problems, nobles used this to try to lock prices and wages. It pissed off the peasants. |
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| The literary movement of the Renaissance, so called because of the rising interest in humane letters. |
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| The father of humanism during the Renaissance |
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| Wrote "Book of the Courtier" |
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| Professional fighting-men hired by city-states to carry out warfare. |
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| Martin Luther's big angry document |
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| Group of Lutheran princes and free cities against the German emperor during the reformation. |
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1555 Ended the war between the German emperor and the Schmalkald League. A victory for Protestantism, but a step towards Germany's disintegration. |
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| Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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| Document published by John Calvin that stated his ideas about religion |
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| Swedish king, Protestant champion. |
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1648 Renewed Peace of Augsburg, added Calvinism as an acceptable religion Holy Roman Empire nerfed End of reformation |
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| The belief that a monarch should have complete power, whether supported by practical control issues or divine right. |
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| Louis XIV's financial minister guy. |
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| Allowed freedom of religion in France. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685. |
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| Ended the War of Spanish Succession, stated that France and Spain could never be ruled by the same dude. |
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