Term
| What 2 things are derived from embyronic brain tissues? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary |
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Term
| What gland is derived from tissue in the roof of the mouth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deliver hormones to the pituitary, and are unusual in that they connect two capillary beds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamic "releasing" hormones are delivered to the anterior pituitary gland via what? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic-Pituitary Portal system |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing hormones are delivered to the ant. pit via hypothalamic-pituitary portal system. Upon arrival, the releasing hormones bind to the receptors on the pituitary cells to evoke secretion of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The anterior pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes 6 important peptide hormones. Name them. |
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Definition
1. ACTH
2. GH
3. FSH
4. Lutenizing
5. Prolactin
6. TSH |
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Term
| The posterior pituitary gland secretes hormones that are synthesized in what neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are magnocellular neurons located? |
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Definition
| Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| What portion of the pituitary is considered neural and which portion is glandular? |
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Definition
Neural - posterior
Glandular - anterior |
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Term
| Walk thru the steps of how the hypothalamus controls the ant. pit. secretion. |
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Definition
| Stimulus - Hypothalamus - Increase plasma hormone 1 (in hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels) - Anterior Pituitary - Increase plasma hormone 2 - Third endocrine gland - Increase plasma hormone 3 - Target cells of hormone 3 respond |
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Term
| Hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones are released in the hypothalamus and conducted to the anterior pituitary gland thru what? |
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Definition
| Hypothalamic - Pituitary Portal vessels |
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Term
| Name the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates and the one that inhibits GH. |
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Definition
GHRH stimulates
Somatostatin inhibits |
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Term
| Will growth hormone have widespread or specific affect among the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Affects any cell that has the potential to divide. |
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Definition
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Term
| The only anterior pituitary hormone that does not act directly on a specific target organ. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name some of the target organs of GH |
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Definition
Liver and other cells
Many organs and tissue |
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Term
| Causes growth of almost all tissues of the body that are capable of growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| GH stimulates the liver to secrete IGF-1 which does what 3 things? |
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Definition
Protein Synthesis
Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism |
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Term
| Increases the rate of protein synthesis in most cells of the body, and at the same time reduces the breakdown of proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| Increases mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue, increases fatty acids in the blood, and increases use of fatty acids for energy (uses fat stores) |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased mobilization of fatty acids combined with increase in protein causes an increase in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Facilitates the use of fatty acids and conserves carbs |
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Definition
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Term
| Under excessive amounts of GH, fat mobiliztion can become so great that large quantities of acetoacetic acid are formed by the liver which is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Decreases the rate of glucose utilization throughout the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes an insulin resistance, which attenuates insulin's actions to stimulate the uptake and utilization of glucose in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue and to inhibit gluconeogenesis by liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leads to increased blood glucose levels and a compensatory increase in insulin secretion. Can lead to diabetic like symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| Can GH lead to hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many hormones directly or indirectly play important roles in controlling growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does long bone growth occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Region of bone where proliferation occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| At puberty, what happens to the epiphyseal growth plates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes epiphyseal closure occur? |
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Definition
| Action of steroid hormones from the maturing gonads |
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Term
| __ of the nervous system, skeleton, and gonads occur at different rates at different stages. |
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Definition
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Term
| Induces precursor cells in bone and other tissues to differentiate and secrete insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which stimulates cell division. Also stimulates liver to secrete IGF-1 |
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Definition
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Term
| GH gradually decreases with age, when does it stop? |
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Definition
| Never, it persists beyond adolescense |
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Term
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Definition
| Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone |
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Term
| Produced in ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (area sensitive to blood glucose concentration) |
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Definition
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Term
| An area sensitive to blood glucose concentration |
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Definition
| Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus |
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Term
| Once the epiphyseal growth plate close, growth can still happen, but how? |
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Definition
| Bone thickens but will no longer lengthen |
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Term
| Name 7 factors that can stimulate GH secretion. |
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Definition
1. GHRH
2. Starvation , esp w/ severe protein deficiency
3. Hypglycemia or low concentrations of fatty acids in blood
4. Exercise
5. Excitement
6. Trauma
7. Ghrelin |
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Term
| Secreted by the stomach before meals |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 6 factors that can inhibit GH secretion. |
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Definition
1. SS
2. Increased blood glucose
3. Increased blood free fatty acids
4. Aging
5. Obesity
6. GH (feedback loop) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Means a decreased secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones. Can be congenital, or result suddenly (tumor) |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cases of this result from panhypopituitarism during childhood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which this dz, all physical parts of the body develop in proportion on each other, but the rate of development is significantly decreased |
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Definition
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Term
| Can Dwarfism be cured completely? |
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Definition
| Yes, if GH is administered early in life |
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Term
| __ that first occurs in the adult frequently results from a tumor that compresses the pituitary gland or thrombosis of the pituitary blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 common effects of hypopituitarism |
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Definition
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Depressed production of glucocorticoids
3. Suppressed secretion of gonadotropic hormones |
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Term
| Name a few symptoms of a person with hypopituitarism |
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Definition
Lethargy
Weight Gain
Loss of all sexual functions |
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Term
| Results from excessively active GH producing anterior pituitary cells |
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Definition
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Term
| All tissues grow rapidly, including the bones and heart. If before adolescence (before epiphyseal closure), height can increase up to 8 inches. |
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Definition
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Term
| Does a person with gigantism have a normal lifespan? |
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Definition
| NO, it is usually shorter |
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Term
| This results if excessive GH production occurs after adolescence (after epiphyseal closure). |
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Definition
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Term
| Long bones can no longer grow in length, but bones can thicken and soft tissues can continue to grow. Most often areas of extreme growth are in hands and feet, nose, forehead, mandible, and portions of vertebrae. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target organ of TSH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target cell response to TSH? |
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Definition
| Stimulates thyroid to secrete thyroxine and triiodothyronine |
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Term
| What is stimulated by TRH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target organ of FSH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target cell response to FSH? |
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Definition
| Germ cell development of ovum in female and sperm in male. Secretes estradiol and progesterone in females and testosterone in males |
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Term
| What is the target organ for LH |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target cell response of LH? |
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Definition
| Germ cell development of ovum in female and sperm in male. Secrete estradiol and progesterone in females and testosterone in males |
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Term
| Where is GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing homrone) secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| This hormone acts of FSH and LH |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target organ of Prolactin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target cell response of Prolactin? |
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Definition
| Breast development and milk production (in male may facilitate reproductive function) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target organ of ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the target cell response of ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
| To prevent runaway secretion of cortisol during a stressful interval, this adrenal steroid hormone exerts a negative-feedback relationship to the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones that influences cortisol synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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