Term
| Where is the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two lobes of the pituatary gland? |
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Definition
| anterior lobe and posterior lobe |
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Term
| What is the infundibulum? |
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Definition
| thin stalk of tissue connecting pituitary and hypothalamus |
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Term
| Two Hormones of posterior pituatary: |
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Definition
antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
oxycotin |
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Term
| Antidiuretic hormone purpose: |
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Definition
| water balance and osmolarity |
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Term
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Definition
| milk ejections, contraction of uterus, behavioral functions (bonding) |
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Term
| Posterior pituatary is continuous with |
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Definition
| hypothalamus of the brain |
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Term
| Posterior pituatary hormones are secreted by |
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Definition
| special neurons (neurosecretory neurons) whose cells bodies are located in hypothalamus whose axons travel into Posterior pituatary |
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Term
| How is the Anterior pituitary connected to hypothalamous? |
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Definition
| Not directly, but through the hypothalamic/pituitary portal system. |
|
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Term
| what is the hypothalamic/pituitary portal system? |
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Definition
| one capillary network in the hypothalamus, one in the Anterior pituitary. Portal vessles link two capillary beds. |
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Term
| Cells in Anterior pituitary secrete how many hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretion of Anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by- |
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Definition
| hormones from hypothalamus |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone
prolactin (breast development in pregnancy)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| causes breast development during pregnancy |
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Term
| adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| stimulated adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates overall body growth |
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Term
| thyroid stimulated hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine |
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Term
| What regulates the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| tropic hormones of hypothalamus |
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Term
| Two general categories of tropic hormones? |
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Definition
| releasing and inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| Which hormones stimulate secretion of Anterior pituitary hormones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1 gonadotropin- controls FSH and LH
2 prolactin- controls prolactin
3 corticotropin- controls ACTH
4 growth hormone- controls growth hormone
5 thryrotropin controles TSH |
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Term
| What prevents secretion of Anterior pituitary hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tropic hormone pathway? |
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Definition
| hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibitng hormone- enters blood- goes to portal system- travel to Anterior pituitary secretory cells- alter secretion of Anterior pituitary hormones- those enter blood stream- travel to target tissues |
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Term
| Control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release- |
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Definition
neural input
negative feedback
circadian rythm |
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Term
| Neural Input on Control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release |
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Definition
| ex: stress can stimulate release of corticotropin releasing hormone |
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Term
| Negative Feedback of Control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release |
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Definition
| hormones feedback on hypothalamus |
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Term
| Circadian rythm of Control of hypothalamic tropic hormone release |
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Definition
secretion in cycles repeated each day.
Growth hormone released at night |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory molecules secreted by cells at one site in the body which travel in the blood to influence cells at a different. Long distance communication |
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Term
| Thyroid hormone is produced by |
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Definition
| thyroid gland which is located over pharynx in neck |
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Term
| Iodide atoms are in -- and obtained by -- |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Type of transport of thyroid hormone from blood int thyroid gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be used to destroy thyroid tissue in hyperthyroidism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there any more functions of iodine in our bodies? |
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Definition
| No, only known function is thyroid hormone |
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Term
| Number of forms of thyroid hormone- |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
contains 4 iodide atoms
most abundant form produced
least active
provides long loop negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
contains 3 iodide atoms
not as much made
most active form of thyroid form |
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Term
| Activation of thyroid hormone in target tissue: |
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Definition
| T4 is mostly converted to T3, and effects are mostly due to T3 |
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Term
| What cells are affected by thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| Virtually all cells in body |
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Term
| Thyroid hormone (increased or decreased) metabolic rate, meaning (more or less) ATP utilization |
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Definition
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Term
| Thyroid hormone effects on heat production |
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Definition
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Term
| thyroid hormone effects on heart rate/ contraction force of heart |
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Definition
| increased- heart cells more responsive to Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
| Decreased thyroid hormone from birth= |
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Definition
| leads to cretinism, small mental retardation |
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Term
| Thyroid hormone is necessary for |
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Definition
| proper growth and development of nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism caused by- |
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Definition
| either hypersecretion from thyroid or increased TSH from anterior pituitary or increased thryotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| fever, increased breakdown of proteins and fat, decreased body weight, increased heart rate, nervous system (anxious, tense, irritable) goiter- enlarged thyroid gland |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperthyroidism caused by autoimmune disease
body makes an abnormal antibody that directly stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone.
Same Hyperthyroid problems + bulging eyes |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) causes increased |
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Definition
| growth in most body tissues |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) is released from |
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Definition
| anterior pituitary (growth hormone released from hypothalamus releases growth hormone from anterior pituitary) |
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Term
| Number of spurts of Growth Hormone (GH) released throughout life |
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Definition
2 postnatal and puberty.
However it is secreated throughout |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH)secretion declines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| growth hormone is responsible for |
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Definition
| hypertrophy, hyperplasia, stimulating protein sythesis |
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) -- bones in both : |
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Definition
increasd growth in length and thickness.
stimulates cells in epiphyseal plates of long bones. Increased deposition of cartilage/bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Are most growth effects a direct action of growth hormone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) -- glucose uptake into adipose tissue and skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) -- lipolysis in adipose tissue and gluconeogenesis in liver |
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Definition
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Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) -- uptake of amino acids into cells |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Growth Hormone (GH) stimulate, and what does that secrete? |
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Definition
| Liver cells to secrete molecules called somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) |
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Term
| Most growth effects are due to? |
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Definition
| Somatomedins- they have direct effect on target cells |
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Term
| Does Growth Hormone (GH) have some direct on tissues? |
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Definition
| Yes, but most growth is through actions of somatomedins |
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Term
| Effects of abnormal Growth Hormone (GH) secretion- |
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Definition
gigantism
acromegaly
dwarfism |
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Term
Gigantism is increased Growth Hormone (GH) when?
Are body features proportionate? |
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Definition
increased GH secreion in children, before puberty.
Proportioned body |
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Term
| Acromegaly is increased Growth Hormone (GH) when? What does it cause? Is body in proportioned or disfigured? |
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Definition
| Increased Growth Hormone (GH) in adults after puberty. Causes bone thickening not length, disfugering condition |
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Term
| Dwarfism is decreased Growth Hormone (GH) when? What does it cause? |
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Definition
decreased Growth Hormone (GH) secretion or failure of cells to respond to Growth Hormone (GH) and or somatomedins in Children.
The Long bones (legs arms fingers) are shortened |
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Term
| Is achondroplasia (short arms and legs, torso is normal) related to abnormal Growth Hormone (GH)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other Hormones than Growth Hormone (GH) that affect Growth include: |
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Definition
Thyroid Hormones
Insulin
Sex hormones
Glucocorticoids |
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Term
| How do thyroid hormones affect growth? |
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Definition
| Required for synthesis of Growth Hormone (GH). Permissive for Growth Hormone (GH) actions |
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Term
| How does insulin affect growth? |
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Definition
| Permissive for Growth Hormone (GH) actions |
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Term
| How do sex hormones affect growth? |
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Definition
| Actively promotes and is Important for pubertal growth spurt, little role in childhood growth. |
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Term
| How do glucocorticoids affect growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells secrete cortisol? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What stimulates the secretion of cortisol? |
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Definition
| ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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Term
| What is cortisol derived from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of hormone is cortisol classified as? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is cortisol also known as? What does it affect? |
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Definition
| glucocorticoid, affects blood glucose levels |
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Term
| What is the primary action of cortisol? |
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Definition
| increase blood glucose concentration |
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Term
| What actions does cortisol take to increase blood glucose concentration? |
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Definition
Increases gluconeogensis in liver
Increases protein breakdown- amino acids can be used in gluconeogensis
Increases fat breakdown- fatty acids can be used by most cells for energy. |
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Term
| What type of control does cortisol have on blood glucose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the hormone of stress? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens to cortisol levels during times of stress (physical and psychological)? What does this do? |
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Definition
| They increase to mobilize energy stores |
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Term
| High concentrations of cortisol prevent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the anti-inflammatory affects of cortisol at physiological levels? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What derivatives of cortisol are used to treat inflamation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cortisol supress? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is the immune system suppressed at physiological levels? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What autoimmune diesease is cortisol used to treat? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Effects of abnormal glucocorticoid secretion? |
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Definition
| cushings syndrom and addisons disease |
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Term
| What is cushing's syndrom? |
|
Definition
Hypersecretion of cortisol.
Hyperglycemia
Protein depletion- wasting away of muscle, especially in arms and legs.
Deposition of fat in belly and face
Degerneration of capillaries (causes local hemorrhages)
Bruising, striae (streaks) on abdomen |
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Term
| What is addisons disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is secreted from? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid glands (4 small glands around thyroid gland) |
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Term
| What are the functions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) ? |
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Definition
| increase concentration of blood calcium |
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Term
| Stimulus for Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the direct actions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) ? |
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Definition
-Increase the release of calcium from bone (major storage site for calcium)
-Also prevents calcium excretion by kidney |
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Term
| What percentage of calcium in body is stored in bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) increase the release of calcium from bone? |
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Definition
| Causes specialized bone cells (oseoclasts) to dissolve a small amount of bone, thus releasing it into blood |
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Term
| How does Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) prevent excretion of calcium? |
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Definition
| Makes more calcium reabsorbed by nephron and returned to blood |
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Term
| What do osteoporosis drugs prevent? |
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Definition
| The activity of osteoclasts |
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Term
| What are the indirect actions of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) ? |
|
Definition
| indirectly increases absorption of calcium in digestive tract into blood by directly increasing the activation of vitamin D3 in kidney cells. |
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Term
| What does active vitamin D3 do? |
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Definition
| Active D3 increases the absorption of ingested calcium in small intestine |
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