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Definition
| Human Sources (Point, Non-point), Natural Sources |
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| Discrete places where pollutants originate (pipes, mad made ditches, mills, sewage treatment) |
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| Diffuse sources that are spread over greater land area and exact locations cannot be specified (runoff over and through contaminated area, urban runoff, fertilizers, insecticides) |
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| Practice of acquiring and processing stream data. Typically collected in 15-30 minute time intervals (usually 15) Gauges built next to natural or artificial controls called gauging pools. This is a river section where momentum of energy collides with a boundary. |
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Definition
| A stage sensor is installed at the gauging pool with respect to the maximum and minimum stages. (Well with shaft encoder, nitrogen air pressure)One or more reference sensor also installed nearby as a visual check to the stage sensor for proper calibration. |
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Definition
| High water mark of events passed. This data is collected and turned into a hydrograph. |
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| Looking at area of cross section. Takes intervals and finds midpoint. Separate flow calculations for each little piece of rover. |
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| Counts rotations per second over time. Gets rotational velocity. Durable and reliable. 40 seconds of rotations are recorded to get average values. |
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Definition
| Acoustic Doppler Velocity Meter (new method). Bounces sound signal off of surfaces to get quick measurements. Can detect flow direction in the X, Y and Z Axes. |
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Definition
| Sound waves vibrate suspended particles, which causes a return wave. The return frequency shifts based on the Doppler principle. |
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Definition
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| Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler |
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Definition
| (New technology). They send out signal of powerful beams with wide spread and can multiple velocities. |
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Definition
| An empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open channels and is a function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope.Higher velocity is higher flow. This coefficient is still used. |
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| Stage-Discharge Relationship |
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Definition
| Power Function. The straighter the rating the better. |
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Definition
Stage-discharge works well in river channels where velocity changes predictably with stage. Tidal influences alter this. Because levels are distorted. Tidal switches impact conditions. Tidal filters can be used to remove negative values.
Tidal sites are 3 part relationship: stage, discharge, velocity. |
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Definition
| Discharge is equal to area (units squared) times velocity (cfs) |
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Definition
| Dilution, dispersion, and degradation |
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Definition
| Groundwater (saturated and unsaturated) snow and ice. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Unsaturated Zone (slower moving water through this dry area). |
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Definition
| dependant on water content of soil and travsmissivity (ability of substrate to let water go through) |
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Definition
| The type of substrate impacts infiltration capacity. fraction of pore space to total volume |
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Definition
| Quantified by volumetric content, gravimetric soil moisture content, saturated water content. |
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| Volumetric Moisture Content |
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Definition
| Comparing relationship of the components in a specific space. Relation to fraction of water to soil sample. Water volume sample to total sample. |
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| Gravimetric Soil Moisture Content |
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Definition
| Weight of soil to weight of entire parcel. Weight of water in soil to total weight. Can be calculated using bulk density. |
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Definition
| Weight of soil not equal to volume of soil. Depends on mineralogy and porosity. |
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Definition
| Maximum amount of water soil can hold. (how wet soil is). |
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Definition
| Stable saturation after drainage |
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Definition
| Amount of water required to fill field capacity |
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Definition
| soil water content necessary for plants (enough but not too much moisture). |
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Definition
Ability of soil to transmit water through its power.
Wet soil flow controlled by saturated hydraulic conductivity |
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Definition
(flow in a porous media) Looks for flow from an area, with hydraulic conductivity divided by pressure Q=AK(h/L). Change in h dictates the pressure being place on ground flow.
rate of flow through porous medium proportional to hydraulics.Clays allow less than sand. |
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Definition
| gravity and capillary action: surface tension (liquid cohesion to itself) adsorption (static attraction to soil) |
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Definition
| Layer of rock that is able to transmit/store water |
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Definition
| layer of rock that limits transmission of water |
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Definition
| layer of rock that restricts transmission of water. |
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| porous rock sandwiched between less porous rock, vertical restriction, horizontal flow. Pressurized artesian well. |
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Definition
| no confining upper layer, horizontal and vertical flow. |
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Definition
| Water pushed up due to pressure |
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Definition
| probe lowered in well, emits radioactive pulse (where neutrons slow there is water, where neutrons retain speed there is soil) Counts slow neutrons returning to probe. Calibrated against gravimetric measurement. |
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Term
| Electrical Resistance Blocks |
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Definition
| electricity applied to soil through gypsum blocks: water has low resistance/high conductance. Soil opposite. |
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Definition
| New methods that is EKG and electromagnetic waves shot into ground |
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Definition
| Measures soil suction (soil moisture tension) small ceramic cup with water tube, diaphragm measures pressure exerted by suction. |
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Definition
| Saturated zone measurement. Tube with holes in base. Records of water pressure that enters. Measures pressure at different depths in aquifer. |
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| Pushing above water into the ground. Measuring how dry ground is. |
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Definition
different rates and volume, more interception than rain.
Snowmelt: timing issue: day, part of year all drive snow content. |
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Definition
| No such thing as pure water: We need quality water to survive. Water is a universal solvent. |
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Definition
| Not suitable for the intent it had been previously used. |
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Definition
| Toxic Compounds, Oxygen Balance Affected, Suspended Solids |
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Definition
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| Oxygen Balance Affecting Compounds |
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Definition
| nitrogen or other elements consume or inhibit oxygen. |
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Definition
| Source of pollution. Sediment or other stuff |
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| Natural Pollution Sources |
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Definition
| Geology (metals, nutrients, minerals like mercury), atmosphere (nitrogen), vegetation (organic matter) |
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Definition
| temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and turbidity. |
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Definition
| quantity of air in water. Vital to aquatic organisms. |
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Definition
| water clarity: optical property suspended and dissolved materials |
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| measure of acidity: relative free hydrogen and hydroxide ions. Dictates how much can be dissolved in water, and amount that can be used by aquatic life. Outside of the middle range in any direction indicates pollution. |
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Definition
| ability of water to transmit electricity. Not a standard but helpful assessment of water health. |
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Definition
| can be toxic but good for plant growth. (Ammonia, nitrate). |
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Definition
| fertilizers (good cleaners) but can be toxic |
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Definition
| Excessive richness of nutrients. More nutrients leads to more algae. Extra nutrients cause dramatic increase in plant growth and increased bacteria decomposition causes drop in dissolved oxygen |
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Definition
| (water temperature, dissolved oxygen, evaporation, salinization, eutrophication, canopy loss) |
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Definition
| Gravel bars, sediment, contaminants, nutrients, bank stability, stream incision |
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