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| Region at the eastern edge of the Mediterranean Sea |
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| Ancient home of the Hebrews in Palestine |
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| The Hebrew Bible containing the early history of the Jews |
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| The “father” of the Hebrew people |
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| Promise between God and the founder of the Hebrew people |
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| The man who led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt |
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| The new kingdom united under 3 kings: Solomon, Saul and David |
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| Region of the kingdom in the south |
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| The religion of the Hebrews |
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| Jewish holiday celebrating the exodus from Egypt |
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| A movement founded to promote establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine |
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| Jews believed that only Ten Commandments were rules, not said by people |
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| The ten laws given by God to Moses |
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| Third king of ancient Israel. Beautified capital city of Jerusalem. Built a trading empire. |
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| First king of ancient Israel. Drove out Philistines from the central hills of ancient Palestine |
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| Second king of ancient Israel. United tribes, made Jerusalem the capital, founded a dynasty |
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| A wall that was believed to be from the second temple, which was destroyed by the Romans. Used for Jews as place of prayer. |
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| Lived on ancient Greek land, created an elegant civilization that had great power in the Mediterranean world |
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| Located in southern Greece and could withstand any attack with strong rulers. Surrounded by a wall more than 20 feet thick |
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| An independent trading city located in Anatolia. Destroyed by the Greek army |
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| Started because a Trojan prince kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king |
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| The greatest Greek storyteller, who created epics, or narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds |
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| An epic written by Homer about the Trojan War |
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| A new group of people who moved into the land where the Mycenaean cities were |
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| Went through power struggles between rich and poor. Moved towards Democracy |
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| City-state, the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece |
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| Landowning, rich families |
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| Seized control of government by appealing to the common people for support |
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| A city located in southern Greece that built a military state |
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| Peasants forced to stay on the land that they worked |
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| The people of Sparta who valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty and learning |
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| Wars between Athens and Sparta for dominance |
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| An empire that fought against Greece in the Persian Wars, which began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia |
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| A battle between the Persians and the Greeks at Marathon. Won by the Greeks. |
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| A battle between the Persians and the Greeks at Thermopylae. Won by the Persians |
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| A battle between the Persians and the Greeks at Salamis. Won by the Greeks |
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| An Athenian Statesman who was a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, and a respected general |
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| Three goals by Pericles: strengthen Athenian democracy, hold and strengthen the empire, and to glorify Athens |
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| A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives |
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| A form of government in which citizens rule through representatives and not directly |
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| Somebody who is forced to work for someone else for no payment and is regarded as the property of that person |
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| Great thinkers determined to seek the truth, no matter where it leads |
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| Believed that absolute standards did not exist for truth and justice. Encouraged Greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character |
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| A series of leading questions to show that the people hold many differing opinions |
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| Wrote down conversations of Socrates, “as a means of philosophical investigation” |
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| Questioned the nature of the world and of human belief. Invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic |
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| Written by Plato about his vision of a perfectly governed society, in which people naturally fall into 3 groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class |
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| 2 kinds of Drama: tragedy and comedy. Written by the Greeks |
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| Athenian actor. One of the great tragic actors of Ancient Greece |
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| A marketplace on a fortified hilltop where citizens gather to discuss city government |
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| A masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship to honor the goddess of wisdom and the protector of Athens, Athena |
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| Mainly mountainous peninsula. More that 2000 islands in the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea. Lots of coastlines in which people lived. |
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| A fearsome formation of foot soldiers standing side by side with a spear in one hand and a shield in the other. This became the most powerful fighting force of the ancient world |
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| A German archaeologist who excavated Troy, Mycenae, and other ancient Aegean cities |
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| Natives to northern Italy, who influenced Roman civilization through system of writing (alphabet), and architecture (the arch) |
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| An aristocratic branch of Rome’s government with 300 members chosen from the upper class of Roman society |
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| The wealthy landowners who held most of the power |
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| The common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the population |
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| A form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders |
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| Officials that commanded the army and directed the government. Had limited power though and terms were 1 year long |
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| A leader who had absolute power to make laws and command an army. Term lasted only 6 months |
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| A person with the qualities of discipline, strength, and loyalty |
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| Large military units in which Roman soldiers were organized |
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| The duties and responsibilities that come with being a member of a community |
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| Protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials |
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| The basis for later Roman law that established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law |
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| A public square or marketplace in a city where business was conducted and the law courts were situated |
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| Located on a peninsula on north African coast. Its rise to power soon put it in direct opposition with Rome |
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| A long struggle between Rome and Carthage |
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| A brilliant military strategist who wanted to avenge Cartage’s defeat in the past |
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| Conflict between groups within the same country |
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| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus |
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| Two brothers who attempted to help Rome’s poor as Tribunes. They proposed reforms such as limiting size of estates and giving land to the poor |
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| A military leader who became dictator of Rome and reformed the senate, created jobs, started colonies, and increased pay for soldiers |
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| The name of Julius’ triumvirate |
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| Part of the second triumvirate and then because the most powerful ruler of the mightiest empire of the ancient world |
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| Part of the second triumvirate and then committed suicide after he was accused of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt |
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| The name that Octavian was given was Augustus, or “exalted one” after becoming the unchallenged ruler of Rome |
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| 3 million square miles, between 60-80 million people (1 million living in Rome) |
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| A period of peace and prosperity for Rome |
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| Where the best examples of Roman paintings are found and date from as early as second century BC |
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| The scattering of the Jews after being driven from their homeland by Romans |
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| Because of Political: civil war and unrest, Social: disloyalty, lack of patriotism, corruption, Economic: disruption of trade, Military: low funds for defense |
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| A strong army leader that became emperor. Divided the empire into East Roman Empire and West Roman Empire because it was too large and complex |
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| A Roman emperor who saw a vision of a cross for Christianity and painted it on his soldier’s shields- which made win in battle and spread the religion |
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| Believed that all people have equal treatment, innocent until proven guilty, punished only for actions, not thoughts, unfair laws be set aside. |
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| A language of the Romans and the official language of the Catholic Church |
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| Languages with coming Roman heritage, such as French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian |
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| The largest single Christian body, composed of those Christians who acknowledge the supreme authority of the bishop of Rome |
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| Used by Romans to make aqueducts |
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| Arched bridges that brought water into cities and towns |
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| Constructed of stone, concrete, and sand and connected Rome to all parts of the empire |
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| One type of architecture of Rome |
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| A large dome in Rome made of stone and concrete and is one of the greatest feats of Roman engineering and a model for the ages |
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| An arena in ancient Rome and the principal amusement place of the city |
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| Romans who fought for entertainment |
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| Mixing of elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman Culture |
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| All invaders to Rome who are non-Roman |
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| Taught that God has a personal relationship with each human being and how people should show love for God, their neighbors, their enemies, and even themselves |
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| 12 men who were Jesus’ pupils who wrote some of the Gospels |
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| An apostle who became the first bishop. All future priests and bishops traced their authority to him |
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| Spread Christianity by saying that Jesus was the son of God who died for people’s sins, and he declared that Christianity would welcome all converts |
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| The main source of information about Jesus’ teachings |
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| Rising from the dead to heaven |
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| Jesus was crucified, or nailed to a large wooden cross to die |
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| Followers of Jesus’ teachings |
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| The concept of belief in one good in Arabic |
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| Heard voice from angel Gabriel, who told him that he was a messenger of Allah |
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| “Submission to the will of Allah” |
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| “One who has submitted to the will of Allah” |
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| The migration of over 200 miles Muhammad made from Mecca to Medina |
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| The holy book of the Muslims |
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| An Islamic house of worship |
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| Pilgrimage towards Mecca, which was voluntary for all Muslims who are physically and financially able to perform at least once in a lifetime |
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| Muhammad’s example, which is the best model for proper living |
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| A system of law that regulated the family life, moral conduct, and business and community life of Muslims. |
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| “Successor” or “deputy.” Elected the first caliph from the Muslim community |
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| Believe Ali, the Muhammad’s son-in-law should have succeeded him, all rulers descend from Muhammad. |
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| Believe first four caliphs were “rightly guided,” Muslim rulers should follow Muhammad’s example |
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| Rejected luxurious life, pursued a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual path |
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| An extraordinary Muslim state in southern Spain, created by the Berbers |
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| The art of beautiful handwriting used by the Muslims |
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| Christians, Jews, and Muslims |
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| A holy city in western Arabia that had an ancient shrine called the Ka’aba where people came in worship |
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| A holy city in western Arabia that accepted Muhammad as a religious ruler, political ruler, and military ruler. |
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| Where the Abbasids placed capital of the Islamic Empire, which was located in central Iraq |
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| Where the Umayyad placed the capital of the Islamic Empire, which was away from Mecca, making controlled conquered territories easier |
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| Forced to live increasingly isolated lives and in public, they were expected to be veiled |
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| An Islamic holy month of fasting between dawn and sunset. Reminds Muslims that their spiritual needs are greater than their physical needs |
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| Faith: “there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger” |
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| The gradual decline of the Roman empire lead to this era or European history, also called the Medieval period and lasted from 500 to 1500 AD |
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| A group of Germanic people from the Roman province of Gaul with the leader, Clovis |
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| The family descending from Pepin the Short, that would rule the Franks from 751 to 987 |
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| Ruled the kingdom after Pepin’s death and led a revival, governed counties justly, limited power of nobles, opened a palace school, encouraged learning |
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| A landowner that granted land |
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| What land was called in Middle Ages |
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| The person receiving the land |
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| Mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lord’s lands in exchange for fiefs |
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| People who could not lawfully leave their place of birth. Their labor belonged to the lord |
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| A complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: earthly feudal lord, heavenly lord, and his chosen lady |
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| Mock battles, where two armies of knights charged at each other |
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| Traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe |
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| A political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belonged to the king. In return, the nobles agreed to give their loyalty and military services to him |
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| A servant to the knight who aged from 14 to 20 |
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| Young nobleman from age 7 to 13 who practiced their fighting skills before becoming a squire |
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| Trebuchet: propelled objects at enemies |
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| A group of Germanic people from Scandinavia who carried out raids at a terrifying speed. Viking Ships could hold 300 warriors and weigh up to 20 tons |
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| Invaded western half of Roman Empire, caused a series of changes in the economy, government and the culture |
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| Relating to the Middle Ages in Europe |
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| Broadened authority of the pope’s office, or papacy, and made it secular, or worldly power, in politics |
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| A significant battle between the Muslims and the Franks in Spain in 732. If Muslims had won, then western Europe would have been part of the Muslim Empire |
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| Christian men who give up their private possessions and devote their lives to serving God |
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| Hand-drawn scrolls and books enhanced by artists with decorations and paintings. |
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| Noble Women could inherit estate from husband. While husband fighting, women would act as military commander. |
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| Role of Church in Middle Ages |
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Definition
| Created a spiritual revival for the people and massive building programs to create new places of worship |
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| Conflict Between Church & Rulers |
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Definition
| Village priests married and had families. Marriages against Church teachings. |
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Definition
| Bishops selling church positions |
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| A new style of architecture that evolved in medieval Europe. Thrust upward as if reaching towards heaven, huge stained glass windows, wood carvings |
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| Pope that declared the holy war |
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| A holy war to gain control of the Holy Land, Palestine, that the Muslims had been controlling |
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| Suspected of heresy and had to be questioned for weeks and even tortured. Once they confessed, they were burned to a stake and expelled from Spain |
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Definition
| A long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of Spain |
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| A court held by the Church to suppress heresy. Heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the Church |
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Definition
| Farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year, not just half of it. Food production increases |
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Definition
| A group of people in the same company or job working to improve the economic and social conditions of its members |
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| Wrote in the vernacular, so that people could understand it |
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| The everyday language of the person’s homeland |
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| A scholar who argued that the most basic truths could be proved by logical argument. Wrote the Summa Theologicae |
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| Aquinas and his fellow scholars who met at the great universities |
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Definition
| Towns grew and flourished. Lots of trade took place there. Poor living conditions for the people living in towns. |
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| A deadly disease that killed one-third of the population of Europe, along with Asia and North Africa |
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Definition
| A war between England and France when English claimed right to French throne. First 3 battles won by England, but France won. The war marked the end of the Middle Ages. |
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| A teenage French peasant girl who felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. Began to have visions and hear what she believed to be voices of saints |
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| Lending money at interest |
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| A town in France with people who wanted to return to the basic principles of the Christian religion |
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| Style of Roman architecture |
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Definition
| Used by the English army to have a victory. Longbow men could shoot arrows that are fatal if shot within 100 yards |
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| The head of the Roman Catholic Church and bishop of Rome |
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| Rebirth and revival of art and learning that started in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe during the 1300’s and ended in the 1600’s |
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| Church leaders during the Renaissance who beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts of money for art |
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Definition
| Worldly, rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now, which was the basic spirit of Renaissance Society |
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Definition
| An intellectual movement that focused on human potential and success. Studied subjects of classical education: history, literature, and philosophy |
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Definition
| The appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface using vanishing points |
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Definition
| A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli about how a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of their enemies |
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Definition
| Created for the first time with movable type by Johann Gutenberg. It made books affordable and quicker to make. Knowledge was then brought to the people easier |
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Definition
| The first full-sized book printed with moveable type by Gutenberg around 1455 |
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Definition
| A pardon by giving money to the Church that released a sinner from his sins. This was also used to “buy” a person’s way to heaven |
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Definition
| A movement of religious reform that led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority |
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Definition
| A religious group that Luther and his followers had become after deciding not to continue to seek reforms in the Catholic Church |
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Definition
| A form of Christianity that was created during the Reformation in the 16th Century. Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches |
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Definition
| The famous religious settlement between the Protestant and Catholic Christians that agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state |
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Definition
| To set aside a marriage. This method was used by Henry VIII after he did not have a male heir to take the throne |
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Term
| Anglican (Church of England) |
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Definition
| The Church of England with Elizabeth I as a head. The Church was established so that moderate Catholics and Protestants might both accept |
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Definition
| The doctrine created by John Calvin about how God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved and continue on in the next generation |
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Definition
| The religion based on Calvin’s teachings that all men and women are sinful by nature and that God chooses a very few people to save called the “elect” |
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Definition
| What Calvin believed was the ideal form of government, which was one controlled by religious leaders |
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Definition
| A movement by Catholics to help them remain loyal to the Catholic Church and their religion |
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Definition
| A council of religious leaders that met in Trent, Italy and was led first by Pope Paul III |
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Definition
| A piece of artwork by Michelangelo Buonarroti that is on the ceiling at the location |
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Definition
| A renaissance man, who excelled in painting, sculpture, architecture, and poetry. Most famous for way he portrayed human body in his art |
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Definition
| A renaissance man, who was a sculpture, inventor, and scientist. Most famous for his notebook filled with writings and drawings of how things work |
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Definition
| A man who examines the flawed behavior of human beings and writes about it in his political guidebook, The Prince |
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Definition
| A man who excelled in many fields. This was taught in the book, The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione |
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Definition
| An important leader of the Catholic Reformation, who founded new religious orders |
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Definition
| Members of the Society of Jesus who founded schools throughout Europe, convert non-Christians to Catholicism, and to stop the spread of Protestantism |
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Definition
| The man who started Lutheranism, a form of Christianity. Taught that people could win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness, Church teachings should be based on the Bible; not by pope, all people in faith are equal |
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Definition
| The king of England who brought Protestantism into his country because of political reasons, since he did not have a male heir |
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Definition
| A family bank that had offices throughout Italy, and later became dictator of Florence |
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Definition
| The daughter of Henry VIII who formed the Anglican Church in England and a proud supporter of the arts |
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Term
| Reasons for European Exploration |
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Definition
| Desire for new sources of wealth, spread Christianity, and because of the advances in sailing technology |
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Term
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Definition
| The caravel, triangular sails, the astrolabe, the compass |
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Definition
| Portugal, Spain, England, France, Netherlands |
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Definition
| A sea captain who was the first person from Spain to reach the New World |
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Definition
| A Portuguese explorer who explained his motives to explore the New World, “to serve God and his majesty, to give light to those who are in darkness, to grow rich as all men desire to do” |
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Definition
| The dividing line between Spain and Portugal to show where they could claim territory |
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Definition
| Most enthusiastic supported of exploration, and organized more than 14 voyages |
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| A sturdier vessel that could sail easily in the wind, used by European explorers |
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| A device used to calculate latitude, which was later replaced by the compass |
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| A Chinese invention that was used by the European explorers. This was more accurate when tracking direction |
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| Cacao bean, potato, corn, tomato, peppers, avocado, squash, tobacco, pumpkin, pineapple, vanilla, beans, peanut, turkey, |
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| Onion, olive, turnip, coffee, peach, pear, grape, banana, sugar cane, honey, wheat, rice, barley, oats, cattle, sheep, pig, horse |
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| The Aztec emperor, who offered Cortés gold because he thought he was a god, but the emperor was later conquered |
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| A Portuguese explorer who began exploring the east African coast and found a sea route to India |
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| A treaty between Spain and Portugal in which they agree to follow the line of demarcation |
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| The first Spanish explorer to arrive on the coast of Mexico and claim rights for Spain |
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| Cortés and the Spanish Explorers that followed him who carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States |
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| A wealthy empire in Mexico with the capital, Tenochtitlan. It was conquered by Cortés |
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| A conquistador who conquered the Incan empire and founded Lima, the capital of Peru |
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| An empire located in the city Cajamara. It was conquered by Pizarro |
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| Mixed Spanish and Native American population |
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| A system in which Spanish forced Native Americans to work. Many laborers were abused and were worked to death |
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| Landed on the coast of modern day Florida and claimed it for Spain |
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| Led an expedition through present day Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas and began to colonize the future United States |
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| Natives in the New Mexico managed to drive out Spanish and regain the control of the area |
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| Dutch East India Trading Company |
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| Established and directed trade throughout Asia. The company was more powerful than England’s company, It drove out the English from India and had dominance over the region |
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| Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of the Americas |
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| The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| The economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
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| A business in which investors pool their wealth together for a common purpose, then share the profits |
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| An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
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| Favorable Balance of Trade |
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| An economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad |
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| Believed Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe and the sun, the moon, and the planets moved in perfectly circular paths around Earth |
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| A new way of thinking about the natural world that was based on careful observation and a willingness to question accepted beliefs |
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| The Earth-centered view of the universe that came from Aristotle, the Greek philosopher |
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| The sun-centered view of the universe from Copernicus saying that the stars, the Earth, and the other planets revolve around the sun |
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| A Polish cleric and astronomer who was the first to believe in the heliocentric theory |
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| A Danish astronomer who accurately recorded the movements of the planets for many years to be left with his followers to make mathematical sense of him |
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| Brahe’s assistant, who continued his work and found that Copernicus’ basic thoughts were true, yet the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits |
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| An Italian scientist who built his own telescope and observed that Jupiter’s moons have rough, uneven surfaces. He also supported theories of Copernicus |
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| An English scientist who helped bring together all of Copernicus’, Kepler’s, and Galileo’s breakthroughs into a single theory of motion in which every object in the universe attracts every other object |
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| A mathematician who believed that scientists should rely on mathematics and logic who composing experiments |
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| A scientist that urged other scientists to experiment and then draw conclusions, otherwise known as Empiricism |
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| A political thinker who created the Leviathan about how life would be solitary, nasty, brutish and short if there were no governments to keep order |
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| Agreement by which the people created a government |
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| A philosopher who believed that people have three natural rights: life, liberty and property and that all people are born free and equal. Also, the purpose of government its to protect those rights |
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| A philosopher that was passionately committed to individual freedom. Believed that the only good government is direct democracy. Believed that the title of nobility should be abolished |
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| Philosophers who believed truth discovered through reason or logical thinking, what was natural was also good and reasonable, people should find joy in the henceforth and urged people to seek well being on Earth, stressed that society and humankind could improve, called for the liberties that the English people won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights |
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| A philosopher who believed in freedom of thought and expression and fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief and freedom of speech |
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| A philosopher who believed in separation of powers and devoted himself to the study of political liberty |
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| Division of power among different branches, as said by Montesquieu |
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| A philosopher who believed in the abolishment of torture and capital punishment and that a person accused of a crime should have the right to have a speedy trial |
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| Argued that women’s education was useful and virtuous |
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| Impact of the Enlightenment |
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| Belief in progress, a more secular outlook, and the importance of individual |
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