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| Between North American colonies, England, and Africa. North America gave timber, fish, tobacco, rum and flour. English gave textiles. Africa gave slaves. |
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| colonial manufacturing products |
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| "Kill Devil" rum, beaver hats, iron forges, spinning and weaving, lumbering (most important), tar, pitch, razin, and turpentine. |
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| Colonial/British economic strains |
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| Britain took over North American trade so that we couldn't trade with France. They took our stuff and traded it to other countries. |
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| Aimed at squelching N. American trade with the French West Indies (England didn't want us trading with France). |
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| No man made roads connecting major cities, heavy reliance was placed on rivers and lakes for travel. |
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| Sprang up along the main routes of travel and in cities. Attractive because of bowling alleys, pool tables, bars, and gambling. Also places where gossip was spread. |
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| Anglican and Congressional churches, supported by taxes. Anglicanism was the official faith of Georgia, North and South Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Part of New York. Congressional Church grew out of Puritanism and was official in New England colonies except Rhode Island. |
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| Exact opposite of Calvinist theology. Followers of Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, who said that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate. Brought about the great awakening. |
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| shortcomings of American Art |
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| way too simple, there was no "scope" for art (you had to go England to be a successful artist). |
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| Owned a magazine called "Poor Richard Almanack", successful inventor, philosopher, politican, writer, and artist. Leading spirit of the Albany Congress, wanted the colonies to unite against outside forces. "First Civilized American". |
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| American political principles |
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| Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware had chosen governors. Connecticut and Rhode Island elected their own governors. Colonial assemblies were ways the colonists expressed their authority and independence. Colonies wanted to be loyal to Parliament, but wanted some level of independence. |
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| Led to bickering with the British Parliament, and proved to be one of the persistent irritants that led to a spirit of revolt. |
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| Showed that the colonies were more democratic than England or other European countries. |
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| similarities in North American colonies |
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| Food was plentiful, basic comforts were taken for granted, churches were not heated, homes were also poorly heated, no running water in the houses. Garbage disposal was primitive, hogs roamed the street. Winter sports were common in the Northern colonies, but in the south card playing, cockfighting, horse racing, and fox hunting were popular. |
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| Samuel de Champlain. Soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him this title. Established Quebec. |
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| Canada. Government fell under direct control of the King |
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| French Catholic missionaries who worked hard to save the Indians for Christ and from the fur-trappers. Didn't make many permanent conversions but played a key role as explorers and geographers. |
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| 1713. British got Nova Scotia (then called Acadia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. The fact that they owned all this land foreshadowed the French doom as they now almost surrounded the French St. Lawrence settlements. |
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| importance of the Ohio River Valley |
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| For British, it was the critical area they would inevitably penetrate as the expanded westward. For the French it was a key to the continent they had to retain if they wanted to link their Canadian holdings to the lower Mississippi Valley. |
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| 1754, summoned by the British Government. Delegates from only 7 of the 13 colonies showed up. The main point was to make sure the Indians sided with the English and not the French. The long term goal was to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster the common defense against France. It was the reason Benjamin Franklin published the "join or die" cartoon. |
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| British leader, called "the Great Commoner" and the "Organizer of Victory". Became leader of London government. Defeated Louisbourg and focused on the Quebec-Montreal area. His right hand man was James Wolfe, who led the British at the Battle of Quebec and died at that battle. |
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| French power was thrown out of North America. France gave Spain all trans-Mississippi Louisiana and New Orleans. Spain gave Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba. Britain became the dominant power in North America and had the best Navy in the world. |
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| Ottawa Chief. Led a violent campaign to drive the British out of Ohio country, taking over Detroit. British got back at them by giving them Smallpox blankets. Pontiac was later killed by a rival chieftain. |
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| Issued by London government, prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. It was done to prevent another bloody Indian uprising like that of Pontiac. Americans were pissed because they thought that that land was their birthright. |
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| defined a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Authority of the government depended on the selflessness, courage, and self-sufficiency of the people. |
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| feared the threat to liberty that the monarchy posed. Fought against corruption by the king. Warned citizens to be on guard against corruption. |
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| belief that wealth was power and that a country's wealth could be measured by the amount of gold/silver in its treasury. They said that a country had to export more than it imported to amass more gold and silver. |
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| Regulated the mercantilist system in America. Said all commerce to and from America could only be transported in British ships. Other laws also said that any goods going to America had to go to Britain first to be taxed. |
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| First law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. Increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. Imposed by Prime Minister George Greenville. |
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| mandated stamped paper, certifying the payment of tax. Stamps were required on many different legal documents. Imposed by Prime Minister George Greenville. Everybody in America hated them. |
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| Grenville's claim that every member of Parliament represented all of the British Empire, trying to say that America was represented. |
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| colonial forms of protest |
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| Stamp Act Congress, in New York City, which drew up a statement of their rights to the king and Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. There were also non-importation agreements that unified the colonies for the first time. Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty also fought the Stamp Acts violently. |
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| Light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Americans were still pissed. This lead to the Boston Massacre, when Americans started throwing snowballs at British soldiers. British soldiers then killed or wounded eleven people. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| Committees each of the colonies had that allowed them to easily correspond with the other colonies. Evolved directly into the first continental congress. |
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| Britian gave East India Company a monopoly on tea in America. Led to the Boston Tea Party. |
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| Erroneously regarded as a reaction to the turbulence in Boston, it was actually a good law in bad company. French were guaranteed their Catholic religion. French could keep their old customs and traditions. Land of Quebec was also extended southward to the Ohio River. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| Met in Philadelphia to consider ways to redress colonial grievances. 12 of 13 colonies were represented (not Georgia). Everybody united against Britain. War was inevitable. |
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| British advantages during the War of Independence |
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| Legit army, three times as many people, legit navy, American Loyalists who enlisted the services of Indians. |
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| colonial advantages during the War of Independence |
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| Outstanding leadership (Washington/Franklin). European officers who were unemployed helped, most notably Marquis de Lafayette. Odds favored the defender in that situation (Americans were defenders). Americans had a moral advantage because they believed in their cause. |
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| realities of American Independence |
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| not too good at the beginning because of sheer British dominance on the field; however, with perseverance and George Washington leading the pack, the reality began to grow and grow. American were confident that they would gain independence from the British. (this is directly from Rishi Bando) |
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