Term
| Developments in the visual arts that happened during the renaissance |
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Definition
Greater Realism and naturalism.
Invention of perspective
Intro to secular themes
changing social function of art |
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Term
| Giotto, Madona and child enthroned |
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Definition
| Focus your attention on the meaning of christianity, since the child is the central figure in the painting |
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Term
| Fra Angelico, The Annunciation |
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Definition
| Its architecture is influenced by the greeks and romans, it’s a strange realism because it trumps the scene because they put Mary on a “modern” setting. |
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Term
| Masaccio, frescoes Brancacci Chapel |
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Definition
| The Brancacci family hired Masaccio to paint their personal chapel. Wealthy people like to sponsor people to paint stuff for them, it’s the social factor |
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Term
| Masaccio, Baptism of the Neophytes |
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Definition
| It’s a very different fresco from that of Fra Angelico, in this one there is real human bodies and emotions portrayed in paintings |
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Term
| Masaccio, Expulsion from the garden of eden |
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Definition
| There is a real shift because u can see emotions in the painting |
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Term
| Piero della Francesca, The Flagellation |
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Definition
| The picture doesn’t even focus the painting of Jesus, that’s another example on how painting is shifting, painters put their own input. The flagellation is not even the central stuff. The funny thing is that the painting is focused on the guy that paid for the painting |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a mother and her dead son, it has more human significance than religious. |
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Term
| Michelangelo, The creation |
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Definition
| God and Adam are almost like Bro’s there is no hierarchy |
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Term
| Piero di Cosimo, Vulcan and Aeolus |
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Definition
| There is not Christianity at all. This is purely pagan. Its like Christianity doesn’t even matter. |
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Term
| What is the paradox of the Medici? |
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Definition
| That even though they ruled in an oligarchy, they were responsible for all the advancement of the arts in the renaissance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pagan themes, its about finding love between Mercury, Venus and Cupid. Not about christianity at all.It is meant to convey the idea that love leads to a happy and fruitful marriage. |
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Term
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Definition
Love conquers war. This was sponsored by the Vespucci family.
This paintings are meant to represent Florentinian society. |
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Term
| What was Pico's philosophy? |
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Definition
Human beings are at the center of the cosmos,
midway between the bestial and divine.Each of us has the potential for a spiritual “rebirth” |
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Term
| Discuss the significance of Savonarolla |
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Definition
| Savonarola denounces the moral corruption of the pope, and preaches a return to a pious, biblically based Christian life.proposes that Florence be governed as a republic under religious law (a populist reform that rejected the Medici’s “rule of the few”) |
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Term
| What is the context for The Prince? |
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Definition
| responding to the political discord that prevailed in the Italy of his day, which he believes can be overcome through the study of history--both recent and ancient. |
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Term
| What is prowess for Machiavelli? |
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Definition
| The prince is flexible in the face of fortune; he exercises foresight; he does not hesitate to act when necessary; he does not waver in his decision |
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Term
| Is Machiavelli an Amoralist? |
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Definition
| there are qualities of character that are objectively good and bad, praiseworthy and blameworthy. His claim is that in the real world, the exercise of these qualities is incompatible with ruling successfully as a prince. |
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Term
| What are Machiavelli's take on human nature? |
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Definition
| men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours |
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Term
| What is Machiavelli's opinion on religion? |
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Definition
| Politics is divorced from theology: religion is simply another form of power; political actors must contend with the vagaries of “fortune |
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Term
| What are the reasons behind Ferninand success? |
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Definition
| Ferdinand uses religion as a cover for his political ambitions, and a sense of national unity. |
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Term
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Definition
| He right to rule belongs to a single individual, who exercises supreme power |
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Term
| Why did Columbus go to America? |
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Definition
| personal motives, economic and religious motives. |
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Term
| What was Columbus and Vespucci first impression of the natives? |
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Definition
| That they were humans and they could be made christian. |
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Term
| What is the context in which Las Casas wrote his account? |
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Definition
Arrives in New World (Hispaniola) in 1502
Participates in the conquest of Cuba and witnesses the massacre of its inhabitants Becomes a priest in 1510 In 1514 frees his serfs and begins to protest the mistreatment of native peoples by the Spanish |
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Term
| What is the argument in the short account? |
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Definition
| an official report (relación), to inform him of the abuses taking place in the colonies,seeks a reform of colonial practices, including the end of encomienda (serfdom). But Las Casas doesn’t challenge Spain’s right to be in the New World and to “nurture” its land and its peoples |
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Term
| What is Las Casas Opinion on war? |
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Definition
| By natural law, the native peoples are justified in waging war against the Spanish |
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Term
| Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights |
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Definition
o Supposed to be a view of reality.
o Aristotle thought of the world as a close sphere.
o Unscientific view of the world.
o The garden of earthly delights is dominated by sex.
o Temptation that comes from seduccion.
o People of different ethnicities are together.
o Its kind off surrealistic.
o The bestial dominance over humans. |
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Term
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Definition
o A sense of deep religisiosity.
o The struggle to get to the top were Jesus is at.
o The struggle to live a Christian life.
o So there is Garden of Eden on the left and Hell on the right, kind of like a transition from Paradise to Hell |
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Term
| Discuss Erasmus christianity |
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Definition
| a life of learning and intellectual activity does not preclude a life of devotion to Christ: one can be a humanist scholar and a pious Christian.Erasmus denies that piety is a product of learning or philosophical knowledge. In fact, Christianity is based not on wisdom, but on “folly. You cant question things because you are not going to be able to figure them out. |
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Term
| What is Erasmus Opinion on peace? |
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Definition
| sees peace (love, charity) as the essence of Christianity, symbolized by the person of Christ |
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Term
| What is the major argument in Erasmus complaint of peace? |
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Definition
Peace, or concord, is the natural state of all creation
In human beings this natural order has been corrupted by sin; “reason wages war with the passions” (the Fall) Christ offers the way back to a state of peace (inner peace is a precondition for outer peace) Yet present-day Christians (including the pope) are the worst offenders against peace |
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Term
| What are two main distinctions between Luther and Erasmus regarding human nature? |
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Definition
| Although Erasmus recognizes the depth of human sinfulness, he stresses the possibilities of spiritual renewal through the example of Jesus Christ whileLuther regards sinfulness is an irremediable part of human life; our nature is “fallen” (we bear the mark of Adam’s “original sin”). Suffering for one’s sinfulness must be the basis of a Christian life |
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Term
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Definition
| Indulgences are payments made to the Church for the remission of sins, especially as a means of lessening the time souls must spend in purgatory |
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Term
| What is Luther's opinion regarding indulgences? |
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Definition
| Absolution is granted only by God; no human being has the power to remit guilt |
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Term
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Definition
| by faith alone”): we come to God by faith and not by reason; we have no ability to fathom God’s omnipotence. |
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Term
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Definition
| by scripture alone”): God’s will is revealed in scripture, which we understand through faith. |
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Term
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Definition
| by grace alone”): no human being merits salvation. Even if we had free choice (which we don’t), we could not earn salvation through our actions. God’s grace alone renders our actions meritorious, and grace is given without regard to our apparent degree of goodness (“election”) |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Luthers appeal on the ruling class? |
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Definition
| Fundamentally, a political document: what is the legitimate relation between church and state |
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Term
| What are Luther's three walls? |
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Definition
Secular authorities have no jurisdiction over the Church: the spiritual is superior to the secular
No one except the pope is competent to expound scripture
No one except the pope can summon a church council |
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Term
| What is a good argument against the "first wall"? |
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Definition
| Secular rulers have an authority that is independent of the pope: princes serve God, not Rome |
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Term
| What is a good argument against the "second wall"? |
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Definition
| Why then should we not distinguish what accords or does not accord with the faith quite as well as an unbelieving pope? |
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Term
| What is an argument against the "third wall"? |
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Definition
| No scriptural authority supports the claim that only the pope can convene a church council |
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Term
| What is Erasmus argument on the "freedom of the will"? |
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Definition
| he defends “free choice”: “the power of the human will whereby man can apply to or turn away from that which leads unto eternal salvation.” |
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Term
| What is Luther's argument on bondage of the will? |
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Definition
| with regard to God, and in all that bears on salvation or damnation, [man] has no ‘free-will’, but is a captive, prisoner and bondslave either to the will of God, or to the will of Satan |
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Term
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Definition
| human beings can overcome the stain of sin and achieve salvation through their own efforts and the exercise of their free will. |
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Term
| What is Luther's opinion regarding faith and reason? |
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Definition
| we cannot decide by reason what is right and wrong. We must simply obey (insofar as we have the power to do so), and accepts God’s will as the standard of rightness. |
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Term
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Definition
| declares Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void from the beginning and declares Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn lawful |
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Term
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Definition
| confirms Henry as “Supreme Head of the Church in England,” nullifying the pope’s authority in England and giving the king the right to reform the church and judge heresies |
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Term
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Definition
| declares that anyone saying that the king is “a heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel, or usurper of the crown” is guilty of high treason |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Montaignes essays? |
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Definition
| The essays are in the first place examinations of himself |
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Term
| What was the skeptical crisis of the 16th? |
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Definition
| Who has a justified claim to knowledge about God, the world, the nature of human beings, what is good and evil? |
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Term
| What is Montaigne's opinion about experience? |
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Definition
| In the absence of certainty, one can only rely on one’s own experience: it shows the world to contain some patterns, but also to be highly variable; one’s beliefs are always subject to revision |
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Term
| What are Montaigne's ideas regarding self-knowledge and mutability? |
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Definition
Self knowledge is the beginning of all knowledge
Mutability and variability is the condition of human life |
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Term
| What are Montaigne's secular politics? |
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Definition
Religious conflict results when one side attempts to impose its faith on another
Montaigne’s skepticism: opinions about religion lack the certainty that supports suppressing the opinions of others. The only viable response to conflict is toleration of difference (guaranteed under secular rule of law). |
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Term
| What is Montaigne's opinion on religion? |
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Definition
| the Catholic Church’s authority is not based on its claim to have knowledge that resists the force of skeptical arguments, but he does not undertake this question very seriously. |
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Term
| What is Montaigne's opinion about certainty? |
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Definition
| We stubbornly cling to our opinions in the face of contrary evidence and are willing to do horrible things on the basis of them. In short: opinions that are taken to be more than opinions are dangerous |
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Term
| What is Montaigne's claims on morality? |
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Definition
| Tolerance of those different than ourselves. One’s sense of morality discovered within, through self-examination |
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Term
| What does Montaigne think about the cannibals in the new world? |
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Definition
| They have a natural virtue (courage, honor, love of their wives), even if their culture is war-like and cruel |
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Term
| What does Montaigne mean by a universal morality? |
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Definition
| Montaigne feels that every person and living thing is connected to him, thus he owes respect to everything that is alive |
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Term
| What is the difference between nature and convention? |
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Definition
| Nature is the natural order of things, while convention is what a society does as a matter of custom or legislated laws |
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Term
| What is the relation between Montaigne and Shakespeare regarding religion? |
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Definition
| While religion lies in the background of their works, their themes are mainly secular |
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Term
| What are two similarities between Shakespeare and Montaigne regarding themes such as character and identity? |
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Definition
they focus on issues of character and identity
individuals who struggle with the question of their own
identity, i.e., who they are . Individuals who fail in their endeavors because of a flaw of character |
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Term
| Describe the idea of looking at kings as if they were Gods |
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Definition
Kings are like Gods on earth
Kings have, under the “law of nature,” paternal authority (Patriam potestem), which is “the power of life and death” over their children. |
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Term
| What was the place of the theater in London? |
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Definition
| Plays offer an occasion for the people to congregate and express their views; they also shape public opinion. For these reasons they are dangerous in the eyes of the authorities |
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Term
| What are the major themes discussed in King Lear? |
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Definition
| Legitimacy of birth and the role of the monarch, affection/loyalty from a son to his father, and superstition about nature |
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Term
| What is Lear's realization about self knowledge? |
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Definition
| He begins by assuming that he is essentially a king and only by accident a father, but at the end of the play he discovers that he is essentially a human being and a father and only accidentally a King. |
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Term
| What is Lear's realization about the basis of authority? |
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Definition
| that authority tracks power, and if you give up your authority, then you give up your power. |
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Term
| Why is King Lear a tragedy? |
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Definition
| Because, besides from the fact that everybody dies, fate works against the hero, and no divine plan makes things right at the end. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between Edmund and Machiavelli? |
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Definition
| he sees the world as consisting solely of relations of power, in which the strong and capable naturally dominate the weak. This is a world without morality |
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Term
| What is the theory of substance? |
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Definition
| Every substances is “hylemorphic”-- meaning it is composed of matter and form |
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Term
| What is the theory of four causes? |
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Definition
| Aristotle postulated that ‘why’ questions could be answered in four different ways, corresponding to the formal, material, efficient, and final causes |
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Term
| Compare Bacon's and Montaigne's idea on the scientific mind |
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Definition
| Science is based on questioning nature: no certainties, only inquiry. |
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Term
| What is the mathematization of nature? |
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Definition
| only those properties of matter that can be represented mathematically are real |
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Term
| What are the idols of the tribe? |
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Definition
| Errors common to human nature: sense perception, biases of judgment |
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Term
| What are the idols of the cave? |
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Definition
| Errors specific to individuals, associated with idiosyncrasies of experience and education |
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Term
| What are the idols of the market place? |
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Definition
| Errors arising from the commerce among people, related to the misleading character of language |
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Term
| What are the idols of the theater? |
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Definition
| Errors arising from the various dogmas of philosophers and from false “laws of demonstration” |
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Term
| What are the three kinds of false philosophy? |
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Definition
| Sophistical (form theories from common notions), empirical (alchemy and magnetism), and superstitious (natural magic and astrology) |
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Term
| What were the Galileo's four scientific achievements? |
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Definition
Analysis of pendulum motion: any pendulum has a constant period, regardless of arc; applied in the measurement of time (in place of water clocks)
• Inclined plane experiments allow an analysis of accelerated motion, showing that d ∝ t2
Telescopic observations of moon, sunspots, moons of Jupiter, and phases of Venus demonstrate falsity of Aristotelian cosmology
Analysis of terrestrial motion applied in arguments supporting the rotation of the Earth |
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Term
| What did Galileo do to disprove Aristotle theories? |
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Definition
| Show the telescope was a reliable source of measurement, and show that it wasnt less relevant for terrestrial than for celestial phenomena. |
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Term
| What does Galileo argue in the assayer? |
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Definition
| there is a fundamental difference between the “primary and real attributes” of matter (size, shape, motion, and solidity) and those properties we perceive bodies to have on the basis of our senses. |
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Term
| According to Milton, what is the source of all sin? |
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Definition
| The missuse of freewill due to a willful refusal to be ruled (Satan), or to unbridled curiosity |
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Term
| On what basis is Milton a supporter of the republic? |
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Definition
| Milton’s view, like that of other Protestant reformers, is that we owe obedience only to God: no human being has natural authority over us. From this perspective, PL is an epic for the English people addressed to their own political/ religious conflicts (anti-Catholic, anti- episcopalian) |
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Term
| What are the three key ideas presented on paradise lost? |
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Definition
| Freedom, obedience and knowledgeour “fallen” state actually a state of maturity, in which we are forced to make choices for ourselves on the basis of our “knowledge of good and evil”? |
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