Produces the CO2 involved during glucose oxidation.

Involves sugar activation, sugar cleavage, and oxidation and ATP formation.

 Glucose serves as the initial reactant.

Occurs in the cytosol of a cell.

Involves the removal of hydrogen electrons and CO2 from the substrate molecule.  

Involves the use of oxygen to pick up excess hydrogen and electrons.

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Glycolysis

Beta Oxidation

Beta oxidation is the initial phase of fatty acid oxidation, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.

TRUE OR FALSE

The increased use of noncarbohydrate molecules for energy to conserve glucose is called glucose sparing.

TRUE OR FALSE

Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

TRUE OR FALSE

The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health.

TRUE OR FALSE

The most abundant dietary lipids in the diets of most Americans are triglycerides.

TRUE OR FALSE

There are NO nutritionally complete proteins. All animal products should be eaten with plant material to make a nutritionally complete protein.

TRUE OR FALSE

The body is considered to be in nitrogen balance when the amount of nitrogen ingested in lipids equals the amount excreted in urine.

 TRUE OR FALSE

The amount of protein needed by each person is determined by their age, size, metabolic rate, and the need to build new proteins (whether the body is in positive nitrogen balance).

TRUE OR FALSE

Vitamins are inorganic compounds that are essential for growth and good health.

TRUE OR FALSE

Cellular respiration is an anabolic process.

TRUE OR FALSE

The preferred energy fuel for the brain is fat.

TRUE OR FALSE

Glycogenesis begins when ATP levels are high, and glucose entering cells is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate and converted to its isomer, glucose-1-phosphate.

TRUE OR FALSE

Glycogen accounts for 80-85% of stored energy in the body.

TRUE OR FALSE

In order for amino acids to be oxidized for energy, the amine group (NH2) must be removed.

TRUE OR FALSE

When blood glucose levels are low, the body begins to use more noncarbohydrate fuels for energy production. This process is called glucose activation.

TRUE OR FALSE

Processes that break down complex molecules into simpler ones are anabolic.

TRUE OR FALSE

For use as fuel, all food carbohydrates are eventually transformed to glucose.

TRUE OR FALSE

Triglycerides and cholesterol do NOT circulate freely in the bloodstream.

TRUE OR FALSE

The major role of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) is to store energy in the form of fat.

TRUE OR FALSE

It would not be healthy to eliminate all fats from your diet because they serve a useful purpose in maintaining the body.

TRUE OR FALSE

Carbohydrate and fat pools are oxidized directly to produce cellular energy, but amino acid pools must first be converted to a carbohydrate intermediate before being sent through cellular respiration pathways.

TRUE OR FALSE

High levels of HDLs are considered good.

TRUE OR FALSE

Diets high in cholesterol and saturated fats tend to produce high HDL concentrations.

TRUE OR FALSE

Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is a powerful appetite stimulant.

TRUE OR FALSE

Peptides called NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related peptides) are powerful appetite enhancers.

 TRUE OR FALSE

The primary function of carbohydrates is energy production within cells.

TRUE OR FALSE

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

Which of the following is the major role of leptin in the body?

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein?

must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structures to simpler ones

transferred to a keto acid

Which of the following is a normal consequence of the activation of the heat-promoting center?

release of epinephrine

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

Anabolic processes exceed catabolic ones.

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

In gluconeogenesis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and ________ are converted to glucose.

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?

Many factors influence basal metabolic rate (BMR). What is the most critical factor?

the ratio of surface area to volume (weight) of the body

Which of the choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body?

Select the correct statement about proteins.

A) Strict vegetarians need not worry about adequate protein intake, as most vegetables are almost perfect sources of amino acids.

B) All proteins can be synthesized in the body if most of the amino acids are present.

C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

D) Catabolic steroids (hormones) accelerate the rate of protein synthesis.

C) Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis if insufficient carbohydrates are ingested.

Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

Conditions that promote the oxidative deamination and energy use of amino acids include ________.

glycogenolysis

Which of the following best defines negative nitrogen balance?

A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

B) It is a condition usually caused by having a diet low in fish and meat.

C) A negative nitrogen balance is normal and is a way of maintaining homeostasis.

D) It occurs when amino acids are broken down by liver enzymes and carried to the bloodstream.

A) Protein breakdown exceeds protein synthesis.

In India, rice is a large part of the diet. Lack of which vitamin in rice would lead to higher levels of blindness in this population?

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone ________, which stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis and fat mobilization, and gluconeogenesis.