Term
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Definition
| an integrative science to understand structure, function, and mechanism |
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Term
List the levels of organization, starting with atoms. |
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Definition
atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->organs->organ systems-> organisms |
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Term
| What are the 10 organ systems of the body? |
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Definition
| Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Immune, Integumentary, Muscoskeletal, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Urinary |
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Term
| Basic function of the circulatory system? |
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Definition
transports material between cells and body |
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Term
| Basic function of Digestive system? |
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Definition
| breaks down food into particles and eliminates waste |
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Term
| Basic function of Endocrine System? |
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Definition
| coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules |
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Term
| Basic functions of the Immune System? |
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Definition
| Defence against foreign invaders |
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Term
| Basic function of the integumentary system? |
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Definition
| skin: protects body from external environment |
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Term
| Basic function of the muscoskeletal system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basic function of the nervous system? |
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Definition
| sends electrical signals and releases regulatory molecules |
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Term
| Basic function of the reproductive system? |
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Definition
| Ovaries-testes: perpetuation of the species |
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Term
| Basic function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| lungs-airways: exchange oxygen and CO2 between internal and external environments. |
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Term
| Basic function of the urinary system? |
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Definition
| kidneys/bladder: maintain water and solutes in the internal environment. Waste removal |
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Term
Which 4 systems exchange material from internal-->external environments? |
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Definition
Digestive, Reproductive, Respiratory, Urinary |
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Term
| Which 4 systems extend through the body? |
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Definition
Cardiovascular, Endocrine, Nervous, and Immune. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining internal environment relatively constant. it is NOT equilibrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| structure/ function, energy/information flow, homeostasis. |
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Term
| How are nervous and endocrine system similar? |
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Definition
| both send messages to the brain, nervous sends FASTER, endocrine sends SLOWER. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular Fluid- outside of cell. high concentration of Na+ ions and Cl-. low concentration of K+ |
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Term
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Definition
| Intracellular Fluid- inside cell. low concentration of Na+ and Cl-. High concentration of K+ |
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Term
| Describe the steps to a homeostasis simple control system. |
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Definition
| input signal(sensors in body)-->integrating--> center(brain)-->output signal--> response |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the vicinity of the change initiate the response. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells at a distant site control the response. |
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Term
| what is Negative Feedback? |
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Definition
| the response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop. It stimulates initial stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| less common. the response reinforces the stimulus, sending the variable farther from the set point. Requires an outside factor to stop the increasing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Circadian- used around 24 hour clock. dark-light cycle. temperature and hormones... body temp is lowest in the morning and peaks in afternoon. |
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Term
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Definition
| it's how we know what we know |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| X axis, the variable which the other variable is dependent on. |
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Term
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Definition
Y axis, depends on the independent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| not very common. Data is collected over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| data collected from a population at a certain time. |
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Term
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Definition
| fake drug. positive response |
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Term
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Definition
| Fake drug. Negative response. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The way we know something works |
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Term
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Definition
| O2, H, C- make up more than 90% body mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipids, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Combined Biomolecules are: |
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Definition
Conjugated Proteins:combined with other molecules. (lipoprotein)
Glycosylated Molecules: molecules with carb attached (glycoprotein, glycolipid) |
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Term
| What are the 4 Common Functional Groups? |
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Definition
| Amino, Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Phosphate. |
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Term
| What are the 2 Biomolecule Functions? |
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Definition
Energy and structural building blocks(lipids, CHO, protein)
Store/transmit genetic info.(DNA/RNA) and energy transfer(ATP,ADP,cAMP) |
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Term
| Electrons: What is a covalent bond? |
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Definition
| creates molecules. shares electrons. can be polar or non polar. requires lots of energy to break. |
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Term
| Electrons: what is a non-covalent bond? |
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Definition
| transfers electrons. reactions can be reversed. ionic, hydrogen, Van Der Waals forces. |
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Term
| What is a non polar molecule? |
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Definition
| even distribution of electrons. (eg. fatty acid) |
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Term
| What is a polar molecule? |
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Definition
| have regions of partial charge. negative pole and positive pole. (WATER). |
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Term
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Definition
| electrostatic attractions between ions. cations+ and anions-. have a charge. |
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Term
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Definition
| form between hydrogen atom and a nearby nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom. Breaks/joins easily. |
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Term
| What are Van Der Waals forces? |
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Definition
| weak, nonspecific attractions between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance that dissolves in a liquid. easily dissolves=higher solubility. |
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Term
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Definition
| the liquid which solutes dissolve. WATER is universal solvent. |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of solutes dissolved in a solvent. concentration=solute amount per volume of solution. |
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Term
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Definition
| dissolve easily in water (NaCl) |
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Term
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Definition
| Repel water molecules. (oil) |
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Term
| Explain Phospholipid molecules. |
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Definition
| have polar heads(hydrophilic) and non polar tail(hydrophobic). Are the basis for membranes. |
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Term
| Explain Phospholipid molecules. |
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Definition
| have polar heads(hydrophilic) and non polar tail(hydrophobic). Are the basis for membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's workhorse. noncovalent interactions between biomolecules often involve proteins. |
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Term
| Name the 7 categories of Proteins: |
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Definition
| Enzymes, Membrane Transporters, Signal Molecules, Receptors, Binding Proteins, Immunoglobulins, Regulatory Proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ex. of Membrane Transporters: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Protein Interactions |
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Definition
| bind through noncovalent interactions. are reversible. binding takes place on "binding site". |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule or ion that binds to another molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a protein to bind to a certain ligand |
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Term
| Name the 4 Protein Binding Properties: |
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Definition
| chemical specificity, affinity, competition, saturation. |
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Term
| Define Chemical Specificity |
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Definition
| shape and charge (determined by amino-acid sequence) work together in matching up ligand with their receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1 type of ligand can bond to certain binding sites. |
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Term
| Name 3 factors that alter protein binding |
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Definition
| Isoforms, Modulation, Activation |
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Term
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Definition
| related proteins whose function is similar but affinity for ligand differs. |
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Term
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Definition
| change's protein's ability to bind ligand or change protein's activity/response. influences protein binding or protein activity (ex. temp/pH) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by increasing ligands. proteins may have to undergo proteolytic activation or presence of a cofactor. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein is inactive until peptide fragments are removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| required for an active binding site. Activates protein. |
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Term
| 3 Types of Chemical Modulators |
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Definition
| competitive/irreversible inhibitors, allosteric(inhibitor/activator), covalent(changes protein activity) |
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Term
| 4 Types of Physical Modulators |
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Definition
| pH, temperature, amount of protein, amount of ligand. |
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Term
| Define Competitive inhibitor |
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Definition
| blocks ligand binding at binding site. makes protein inactive when proteins are producing too much. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to protein away from binding site and inactivates binding site. |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to protein away from binding site and turns it on |
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Term
| Describe how Temperature and pH effect function |
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Definition
| changes of temp &pH may disrupt protein structure, causing loss of function. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when ligands become so abundant that every binding protein has its own. |
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Term
| Name the 3 Compartments of cells |
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Definition
| Cavities, Fluid Compartments, Lumens: interior of hollow organ filled with air or fluid. |
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Term
| Name the 3 Cell (body) Cavities |
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Definition
| Cranial cavity, Thoracic cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| What are the 3 fluid compartments? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 Cell Membrane Functions: |
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Definition
| physical isolation, regulate exchange, communicate b/w cell. & environment, structural support. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does cell membrane regulate exchange? |
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Definition
| controls entry and exits of ions, waste, etc. |
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Term
| How does the cell membrane communicate b/w cell & environment? |
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Definition
| it contains proteins that respond to changes in external environment. |
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Term
| Define how the cell membrane provides structural support? |
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Definition
| proteins in the membrane hold the cytoskeleton. |
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Term
| 3 Cell Membrane Characteristics are: |
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Definition
| Made of lipid, proteins, and create hydrophobic barrier. |
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Term
| The intracellular compartment of the cell consists of: |
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Definition
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Term
| 1st step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| mRNA is transcribed from genes in the DNA |
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Term
| 2nd step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to cytosolic ribosomes, initiating protein synthesis. |
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Term
| 3rd step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| some proteins are released by free ribosomes into the cytosol or are targeted to specific organelles. |
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Term
| 4th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| ribosomes attached to the rough ER direct proteins destined for packaging into the lumen of the rough ER. |
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Term
| 5TH step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| Proteins are modified as they pass through the lumen of ER |
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Term
| 6th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| transport vesicles move the proteins from the ER to the Golgi body. |
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Term
| 7th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| Golgi cisternae migrate toward the cell membrane |
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Term
| 8th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| some vesicles bud off the cisternae and move in a retrograde or backwards fashion |
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Term
| 9th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| some vesicles bud off to form lysosomes or storage vesicles. |
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Term
| 10th step in protein synthesis in the nucleus |
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Definition
| other vesicles become secretory vesicles that release their contents outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells working together. held together by extracellular matrix and cell junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural |
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Term
| Key function and location of Epithelial Tissue: |
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Definition
| line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body. secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport, and sensing. |
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Term
| Function and location of connective tissue |
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Definition
| in between other tissues everywhere in the body. they bind other organs together, hold organs in place, cushion them, and fill space. |
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Term
| Function and Location of Muscle tissue |
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Definition
| located in walls of hollow visceral organs, Skeletal muscle fibres occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. provides, posture and body support, locomotion, and heat production. |
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Term
| Function and Location of Neural tissues |
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Definition
| function: sensory input, integration, control of muscles and glands, homeostasis, and mental activity. Location: found in peripheral nerves throughout the body and in the organs of the central nervous system |
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Term
| What is tissue remodeling? |
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Definition
| tissues of the body are constantly remodelled as cells die and are replaced. |
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Term
| Name the 2 ways cells die |
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Definition
| messy (necrosis) and tidy (apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| death from physical trauma. cells swell, deteriorate, and rupture. |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed cellular death |
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Term
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Definition
| newly specialized or differentiated cells |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of tissues that carry out related functions. They contain the 4 types of tissues. |
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Term
| what is the heaviest organ in the body? |
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Definition
| Skin. approx. 16% total body weight. |
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Term
| 7 characteristics of living things |
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Definition
- Living Things are Composed of Cells:
- Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization:
- Living Things Use Energy:
- Living Things Respond To Their Environment:
- Living Things Grow:
- Living Things Reproduce:
- Living Things Adapt To Their Environment
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of "work" does the body perform? |
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Definition
| chemical (make/break bonds), transport(ions, molecules, large particles), Mechanical(movement ) |
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Term
| What are the 2 forms of energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is potential energy? |
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Definition
| Stored energy; until needed to be transformed into kinetic when needed to do work. |
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Term
| Potential Energy is stored where? |
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Definition
| chemical bonds (ATP) and concentration gradients. |
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Term
| What do cells need to survive? |
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Definition
| Obtain energy, and store energy from chem. bonds of biomolecules |
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Term
| What do cells use energy for? |
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Definition
| growth, maintenance, reproduction, and movement |
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Term
| 4 types of chemical reactions |
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Definition
| combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement. |
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Term
| how is energy transferred? |
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Definition
| through making/breaking bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the total of all the chemical reactions in the body. divides into Anabolism and Catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| energy utilizing reactions that result in the synthesis of large biomolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions that release energy through the breakdown of large biomolecules. |
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Term
| During Chem. reactions, energy in the reactants may be used for what? |
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Definition
| transfer to the products, used to do work, and be released as heat |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
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Term
| Define Exergonic Reactions |
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Definition
| they release energy. products have less energy than reactants. |
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Term
| Define Endergonic Reactions |
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Definition
| they gain energy. products have more energy than reactants. |
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Term
| Step 1 of getting work done in the cell: |
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Definition
| we get energy from exergonic reactions. |
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Term
| step 2 of getting work done in the cell: |
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Definition
| releasing energy as heat and useable energy |
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Term
| step 3 of getting work done in the cell: |
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Definition
| store energy in ATP where it can be transported where the work needs to be done. |
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Term
| step 4 in getting work done in the cell: |
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Definition
| energy is released to do work. (endergonic) |
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Term
| What are Chemical Reaction Rates? |
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Definition
| measure change in concentration of reactants or concentration of products per unit time. |
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Term
| What determines reaction rates? |
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Definition
concentrations:higher=faster.
activation energy: higher=slower.
temperature: higher=faster.
catalyst: increase reaction rate.
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Term
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Definition
| accelerates the reactions they catalyze by using binding sites to bring substrates together. |
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Term
| Are enzymes altered in reactions? |
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Definition
| no. they can be used over and over. |
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Term
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Definition
| different forms of enzymes |
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Term
| Explain how enzymes effect the activation energy |
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Definition
| lowers the activation energy. |
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Term
| name the 4 different types of enzymatic reactions |
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Definition
1. Oxidation-reduction: add/subtract electrons
2. Hydrolysis/Dehydration: add/subtract water molecule
3. Transfer chemical groups: exchange groups b/w molecules
4. Ligation: join 2 substrates using energy from ATP |
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Term
| Name the diagnostically important Enzymes |
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Definition
1. Acid Phosphatase: cancer of prostate
2. Alkaline phosphatase: disease of bone or liver
3. Creatine kinase (CK): heart attack, muscle disease.
4. Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH): tissues damage to heart, liver, skeletal muscle, red blood cells.
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Term
| What do metabolism chem. reactions do? |
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Definition
| extract energy from nutrient biomolecules and synthesize or break down molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. it stores and provides energy. it is NOT energy and is very limited.
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Term
| What is regulated or mediated by enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how molecules are intermediates |
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Definition
| products of one reaction become reactants(substrates), for the next. |
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Term
| How do cells regulate their metabolic pathways? (5) |
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Definition
1. control [enzyme]
2. producing modulators that change rxn. rates.
3. using 2 diff. enzymes to catalyze reversible Rxn's.
4. compartmentalizing enzymes within intracellular organelles.
5. maintaining ratio of ATP:ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| body regulates amount of protein in cells and as [enzyme] increases=rxn. rate increases. |
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Term
| Explain Change Reaction Rate (with feedback) |
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Definition
| pathways have feedback inhibition or end-product inhiibiton |
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Term
| Explain Control Enzyme Activity (with modulators) |
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Definition
| important for controlling the rate of metabolic pathways. (cofactors and allosteric activators) |
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Term
| Explain ways to control reversible pathways |
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Definition
1. using one enzyme for both directions
2. reversible reaction requiring two enzymes
3. irreversible reaction lacks enzyme for the reverse direction. |
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Term
| Describe compartmentalizing enzymes |
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Definition
enzymes in cytosol: (faster)
enzymes in mitochondria (slower) |
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Term
| Where are enzymes isolated within cells? |
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Definition
| mitochondria, ER, golgi complex, lysosomes |
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Term
| Describe Optimum ATP:ADP ratio |
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Definition
it is an energy sensing ratio. high ATP= reduces ATP production.
low ATP= increases ATP production. |
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Term
| Explain how to regulate enzyme-mediated reactions |
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Definition
1. [subsrate]
2. [enzyme]
3. enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
| increase [substrate]= increase reaction time up until saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| increasing [enzyme]= increased rxn. rate |
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Term
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Definition
| allosteric or covalent modulator that increases an enzyme's affinity for its substrates will increase the rate of product formation |
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Term
| What are multi-enzyme reactions? |
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Definition
| when metabolic pathways require help from many enzymes. |
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Term
| Define "Rate-limiting reaction" |
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Definition
| rate controlling enzyme does all the work, going between enzymes. high [ATP] makes him go slower. low [ATP] =faster |
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Term
| Define " End-product inhibition" |
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Definition
| when enzymes are full and the energy gets sent back half way through the reaction. |
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Term
| What is cellular energy transfer? |
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Definition
| metabolic pathway are used by cells to transfer the energy released from breakdown of fuel molecules to ATP. |
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Term
| What are Carbohydrate metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
1. glycolysis- takes place in cytosol
2. citric acid cycle(Krebs/tricarboxylic acid cycle)takes place in mitochondria
3. oxidative phosphorylation(electron transport chain) takes place in mitochondria |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of dynamic disequilibrium |
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Definition
1. chemical disequilibrium- some solutes have higher [] in one compartment (ICF) than another (ECF)
2. Electrical disequilibrium (resting membrane potential)- body is electrically neutral but different ions []'s are found in different body compartments (ECF,ICF) |
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Term
| Define Osmotic Equilibrium |
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Definition
| water flows into the more [ ] solution until equilibrium is reached. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the solution and how it affects the cell placed into it |
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Term
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Definition
| isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic |
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Term
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Definition
| cell stays the same size. solvent [ ] is the same inside and outside the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell increases in size and swells. solvent is flowing into the cell to establish osmotic equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| cell decreases in size and shrinks. Solvent is flowing out of the cell to establish osmotic equilibrium. |
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Term
| Movement across membranes depends upon......: |
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Definition
| properties of cell membrane and the substance(size &solubility). |
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Term
| what does selectively permeable mean? |
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Definition
| some molecules can cross and others can't |
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Term
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Definition
| requires energy usually ATP. moves molecules against [gradient] . |
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Term
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Definition
| uses kinetic energy or potential energy already in the system. |
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Term
| What molecules get across the membrane easily? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what molecules cannot cross the membrane easily? |
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Definition
| iONS, POLAR MOLECULES, AND VERY LARGE MOLECULES |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion, protein mediated, vesicular transport |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of molecules from [high] are to [low] area. solute molecules. |
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Term
| factors that control the rate of simple diffusion |
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Definition
| lipid solubility, molecular size, [ ] gradient, membrane surface area, composition of lipid layer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient. |
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Term
| 4 major membrane protein functions |
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Definition
1. Structural proteins (cytoskeleton, junctions, extracellular scaffolding.)
2. enzymes (chemical reactions and communications)
3. receptors(chemical communication)
4. transporters (facilitated/ active transport) and (carrier/ channel proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| directly link intra and extracellular compartments. allow rapid transport. limited to moving small ions and water. |
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Term
|
Definition
| never form direct connection b/w intra and extra cellular compartments. slower but move larger molecules. |
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Term
| 3 kinds of carrier proteins |
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Definition
1. Uniport- move only one kind of molecule.
2. Symport- move 2 or more in the same direction.
3. Antiport- 2 or more in opposite directions. |
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Term
| 2 kinds of Channel proteins |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Open and Close in response to signals |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| are usually open. create water-filled pores. |
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|
Term
| Do carrier proteins form an open channel b/w 2 side of the membrane? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does carrier-mediated transport exhibit specificity, competition, and saturation? |
|
Definition
Specificity- ability of carrier to move only one molecule or group of related molecules.
Competition- related substances may poet with each other for binding sites.
Saturation- rate depends on substrate [ ] and # of carrier transporters |
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Term
|
Definition
| no ATP needed, passive, molecules move down [gradient] |
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|
Term
| Examples of molecules that use facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are GLUT 4 transporters?
|
|
Definition
| move glucose muscle cells down their [ ] gradient. |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses carrier protein, no energy required. |
|
|
Term
| facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells: |
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Definition
| low [glucose] in cell achieved by glucose being converted to G-6-P(glucose 6-phosphate) |
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Term
|
Definition
| known as ATPases(enzyme that breaks ATP). sometimes called "pumps" |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Definition
| use kinectic energy of one molecule moving down its [ ] gradient to push other molecules against their gradient. |
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Term
| types of GLUT transporters |
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Definition
GLUT 1- most cells
GLUT 2- liver, kidney, intestines
GLUT 3- neurons
GLUT 4- insulin regulated, skeletal muscle
GLUT 5- intestinal fructose carrier. |
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Term
| What is Vesicular Transport? |
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Definition
| Exocytosis, Endocytosis, Phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| materials are exported out of the cell via secretory vesicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| materials move into the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| "cellular eating" cell’s plasma membrane surrounds a macromolecule or even an entire cell from the extracellular environment and buds off to form a food vacuole |
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Term
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Definition
| “cellular drinking,” the cell engulfs drops of fluid by pinching in and forming vesicles that are smaller t |
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Term
| Cell to cell communication methods: |
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Definition
| local and long distance communication |
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Term
| Physiological signals that cells communicate with are: |
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Definition
Electrical signals(change cell membrane potential)
Chemical signals (molecules secreted by cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| gap junctions, contact-dependent, autocrine/paracrine |
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Term
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Definition
| form direct cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells. holes b/w two cells that hold 2 cells together. |
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Term
| contact- dependent signals |
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Definition
| require interaction b/w membrane molecules on two cells. not complete connection but they have a contact point. |
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Term
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Definition
acton on the same cell that secreted them.
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Term
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Definition
| are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells. |
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Term
| What systems look after long-distance communication? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe communication in Endocrine system |
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Definition
| hormones are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. only target cells with receptors for the hormone will respond. Cytokine act on a broader spectrum of target cells. both local and long distance. |
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Term
| Long-distance communication in Neurocrine system: |
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Definition
| electrical signal translates into chemical signal (neurocrine) secreted by the neuron to a target cell. |
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Term
| What are the functions of Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators? |
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Definition
| release signal chemicals onto a receptor on the target cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| signals are fast b/c uses Channel Receptor which opens right away. |
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Term
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Definition
| signals are slower b/c they use G protein receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| released from a neuron and into the blood |
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Term
| What are signal pathways? |
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Definition
| various kinds of chemical signals |
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Term
| ligand which is the first messenger must bind to: |
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Definition
| specific target cell proteins inside the cell (receptor protein) or a binding site on membrane of cell (initiates intracellular events or signal transduction) |
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Term
| Describe Intracellular Receptors |
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Definition
| lipophilic signal molecules diffuse through the cell membrane. Binds to cytosolic or nuclear receptors. Slower responses related to gene activity. |
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Term
| Describe Cell Membrane Receptors |
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Definition
| Lipophobic signal molecules cannot diffuse through cell membrane. Extracellular signal molecule binds to a cell membrane receptor. Rapid cellular response. |
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Term
| 4 Categories of cell membrane receptors |
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Definition
| Receptor-Channel, Receptor-Enzyme, G protein-coupled receptor, Integrin Receptor. |
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Term
| What is a Receptor-channel? |
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Definition
| chemically gated ion channels. opens or closes, altering ion flow. most are neurotransmitters. (simplest and fastest) |
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Term
| What is a Receptor-Enzyme? |
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Definition
| receptor regain outside of cell membrane. enzyme region inside go cell. sometimes these are the same protein molecule. |
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Term
| What is a G-Protein-Coupled receptor? |
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Definition
| ligand binding to a G protein- coupled receptor opens an ion channel or alters enzyme activity. (most common) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligand binding to intern receptors alters the cytoskeleton |
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Term
| the commonality of membrane proteins is..... |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Signal Transduction |
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Definition
| a process by which and extracellular signal (ligand) molecule activates membrane receptor, which then alters intracellular molecules to create a response. |
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Term
| Describe basic signal transduction |
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Definition
| signal molecule binds to membrane receptor protein which activates intracellular signal molecules which alters target proteins which create a response. |
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Term
| What kind of responses occur? |
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Definition
| open or close ion channels, increase intracellular [Ca++], change intracellular enzyme activity. |
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Term
| Define Tyrosine Kinase Receptor |
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Definition
| transforms a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine (amino acid) of a protein |
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Term
| Describe G protein Coupled Receptor |
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Definition
| G proteins linked to amplifier enzymes are the most common transduction type. 2 types. Adenylyl cyclase and Phosphilase C. Neuromodulators are G-protein coupled. |
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Term
| Describe Adenylyl Cyclase |
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Definition
| the name of the pathway will be the same as the G-Protein that activates it. Protein kinase is most often the intracellular effector. |
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Term
| Describe Phospholipase C(PLC) |
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Definition
| G protein activates PLC, converts phospholipids to DAG, (remains in membrane & activates PKC.) and IP3(diffuses into cytoplasm, release of Ca2+). |
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Term
| Describe Novel Signal Molecules |
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Definition
| calcium is most versatile ionic messenger. Nitric oxide-results in dilation of blood vessels and CO2 - targets smooth muscle |
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Term
| What is the modulation of signal pathways? |
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Definition
| response of target cell is determined by receptor, not ligand. |
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Term
| Mod. of Sig. Path. Endephrine Example: |
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Definition
| dilation of vessels to muscles. Constriction of vessels to intestinal systems. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers. secreted into blood by specialized cells. responsible for long-term functions in body. |
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Term
| What makes a chemical a hormone? |
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Definition
| secrets by isolated endocrine cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| binding to receptors. HORMONES MUST BE TERMINATED |
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Term
|
Definition
1. peptide and protein (most hormones)
2. Steroids (derived from cholesterol)
3. Amines |
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Term
| Hormone Solubility of Peptide/Protein |
|
Definition
| lipid INSOLUBLE -lipophobic |
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Term
| hormone solubility of steroid |
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Definition
| lipid SOLUBLE- lipophilic |
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Term
| hormone solubility for amines |
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Definition
| lipid soluble (thyroid) and lipid insoluble (catecholamines) |
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