Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for protein synthesis and glycolysation? |
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Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| What part of the cell holds the nuclear envelope and DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell is made up of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell is considered the lipid (fats) bilayer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell consists mostly of water and dissolved substances, organelles, and the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for sorting, modifying, and packaging proteins, as well as apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell digests proteins with acidic enzymes? |
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Definition
Lysosomes
"little stomach" |
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Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for lipid and steroid synthesis, receptor attachment, enzyme storage & production, carbohydrate metabolism, Ca regulation, and gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| What part of the cell is responsible for making ATP, fatty acid oxidation, cholesterol and steroid synthesis, decreasing apoptosis, and Ca regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the cell acts as an anchor for microtubules, especially during mitosis? |
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Definition
| Centrosome with centrioles |
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Term
Which 3 types of lipids make up the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of the cell, and are proteins embedded within the lipids?
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Definition
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Yes. |
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Term
Are sugars (glucose), amino acids, nucleotides, proteins, and charges molecules (ions Na+, Cl-)
permeable or impermeable to the lipid bilayer? |
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Definition
Impermeable
(large and charged) |
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Term
| What type of molecules are only SLIGHTLY permeable to the lipid bilayer of the cell? |
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Definition
Small and Polar molecules:
eg. urea, water, ethanol |
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Term
Are steroids such as O2, CO2, N2 and fat soluble vitamins such as A, D, E, K
freely, slightly, or impermeable to the lipid bilayer of the cell? |
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Definition
| Freely permeable because they are small, uncharged, and /or non-polar. |
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Term
| How do charged ions and larger molecules permeate the lipid bilayer? |
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Definition
Facilitation.
They CANNOT simply diffuse. |
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Term
| What drives the movement of small, uncharged molecules across a cell membrane (lipid bilayer)? |
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Definition
Concentration gradient.
Passively diffuse from high to low concentration, seeking equilibrium. |
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Term
| Are phospholipids polar, non polar, or both (amphipathic)? |
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Definition
Both. They are amphipathic.
They have polar phosphate heads (slightly charged) so they can form hydrogen bonds with water, and are therefore hydrophilic.
The fatty acid tails are uncharged and therefore non polar. They are attracted to other lipids and not water and are therefore hydrophobic. |
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Term
| Is a protein required for simple diffusion through a cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does a substance that is too big or charged pass through a cell membrane? |
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Definition
Facilitated diffusion.
A channel protein or carrier protein is required to enter the cell. |
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Term
| In facilitated diffusion, which proteins do not change shape, but may be gated to assist a substance entering the cell? |
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Definition
Channel Proteins
eg. ion channel |
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Term
| Which proteins help facilitate diffusion into a cell by transporting molecules down the concentration gradient by binding and changing shape? |
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Definition
Carrier (or Transport) Proteins
eg. glucose transporter |
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Term
What is occurring when molecules flow from high to low concentration, or down electrochemical gradients?
Is energy required? |
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Definition
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Term
What is occurring when molecules are being pushed against their gradients?
Is energy required? |
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Definition
Active transport.
Yes. (Usually ATP) |
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Term
| What is concentration gradient? |
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Definition
When substances move from high to low concentration in a cell.
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Term
| What is electrical gradient? |
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Definition
| When charged substances are drawn to areas of opposite charge. |
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Term
| What is the net gradient of a substance that depends on both concentration and charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of transport requires chemical energy (eg hydrolysis of ATP) to move a substance against its gradient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of transport uses the electrochemical gradient of one substance to transport a second substance against its gradient? |
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Definition
| Secondary Active Transport |
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Term
| Symport and Antiport are two types of what kind of transport? |
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Definition
Secondary Active Transport
Symport- 2 substances move in the SAME direction
Antiport- 2 substances move in OPPOSITE directions
NO energy required. |
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Term
| What types of vesicular transport require ATP? |
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Definition
ALL.
Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Transcytosis |
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Term
| Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis are what types of vesicular transport? |
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Definition
Endocytosis.
When large substances enter the cell by pinching off part of the plasma membrane. |
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Term
| What is it called when large substances (eg neurotransmitters) exit the cell via vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When large substances cross the cell by entering one side and leaving the other side. |
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Term
What is the movement of a solvent (ie water) through a semipermeable membrane.
(Water moves toward the area with more solute, or higher osmolarity) |
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Definition
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Term
Does transciption or translation occur in the nucleus? In the ribosome?
What occurs? |
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Definition
Transcription occurs in the nucleus: DNA is transcribed into mRNA
Translation occurs in the ribosome: mRNA is translated into a protein |
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Term
| What and where is chromatin? |
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Definition
| It is a strand of nucleosomes with linker DNA between them. Is it loose and diffuse in a non-dividing cell, but folds tightly into chromosomes when the cell divides. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins |
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Term
| What is the function of the nuclear pore and nuclear envelope? |
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Definition
m/t/rRNA exits the nucleus in a nuclear envelope through a nuclear pore.
The nuclear envelope has a double lipid bilayer and is continuous with the RER. |
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Term
| What is the part of DNA that codes for the ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the path of mRNA |
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Definition
mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm; mRNA enters a ribosome.
Ribosomes translate mRNA into a protein by attaching a tRNA anticodon to an mRNA codon.
Amino acids then bind together and form a peptide chain: protein |
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Term
| Where can you find ribosomes? |
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Definition
In the cytosol ("Free")
Attached to RER
In the mitochondria |
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Term
| What is the function of Free ribosomes? |
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Definition
Free ribosomes make proteins that stay inside the cell
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Term
| What type of proteins cross the RER membrane only partially, and remain membrane bound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of proteins cross the RER completely and enter the lumen of the RER? |
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Definition
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Term
| After the RER, where do proteins move (via vesicles)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the golgi apparatus modify proteins? |
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Definition
| By adding a sugar for glycoproteins |
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Term
| What organelle sorts proteins into vesicles aimed for the same destination? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the possible places for a RER/Golgi protein to end up? |
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Definition
Membrane vesicle (attached to membrane)
Secretory vesicle (outside cell)
Transport vesicle (inside cell) |
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Term
| Can a transmembrane protein ever separate to a vesicle, or can a secretory vesicle ever remain inside the cell? |
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Definition
| Nope. They're coded to function only in these ways. |
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Term
| What is the function of the Smooth ER? |
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Definition
Synthesize fatty acids & steroids
Detoxify lipid soluble substances (drugs, alcohol, pesticides)
Help release glucose into blood
Stores & releases Ca2+ in muscle cells |
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Term
| Which organelle contains the cells digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelles degrade cytosolic proteins that are non-functional or misfolded into peptides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which organelles contain oxidases (enzymes that oxidize organic substances: fatty/amino acids; toxic substances) and are numerous in liver cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 components of the cell's cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
Actin Microfiliments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules |
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Term
| What is reponsible for cell shape and what are the components? |
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Definition
Actin Microfilaments:
made of actin and myosin proteins |
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Term
| Which motor molecule moves Actin to enable cell movement? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do actin microfilaments (actin & mysosin) require ATP to assemble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelle aligns and separates the chromosomes during mitosis? |
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Definition
Microtubules
Make up cilia and flagella |
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Term
| Which two motor molecules make up microtubules and engage the separating (pulling apart) action? |
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Definition
Kinesin (+) end
Dyenin (-) end at the centriole |
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Term
| Which organelle is responsible for a cells scaffolding and stability? |
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments (ie. keratin) |
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Term
| What substances enter the Krebs Cycle to produce energy? |
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Definition
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Sugars |
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Term
| What is produced from the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In the Krebs Cycle, what is produced from NADH? |
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Definition
| From NADH, electrons go to the Electron Transport Chain, and H+ ions power oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP |
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Term
| Besides containing the Krebs Cycle and making ATP, what are the other functions of the Mitochondria? |
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Definition
Steroid synthesis
Triggers apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of existence for a cell? |
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Definition
Alive and functional without dividing (G0)
The Cell Cyle: Grow & Divide (Interphase & Mitosis)
Apoptosis (Die) |
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Term
| What are the phases of the Cell Cycle? |
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Definition
Interphase (G1, S, G2)
Mitosis (Nuclear division: Pro/Meta/Ana/Telophase; Cytokinesis) |
|
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Term
| Is the cell dividing in Interphase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the cell replicating in Mitosis? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| During what phase of the Cell Cycle does DNA replicate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What 2 components are dividing during the cell's mitotic phase? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many pairs of chromosomes do we have? |
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Definition
23.
22 + sex pair (xx/xy) |
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Term
| Does meiosis create diploid or haploid daughter cells (or gametes)? |
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Definition
| Haploid. (For reproduction: sperm or oocytes) |
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Term
| Somatic cell division aka Mitosis produces diploid or haploid daughter cells? |
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Definition
| Diploid. (for healing or growth) |
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Term
| Which enzyme turns on cell division? Which turns them off? |
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Definition
CDK's turn on G1, then continue in orderly progression through cell cycle.
Cyclins turn CDK's on and off. |
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Term
| What is the term for regulated, programmed cell death? Is inflammation produced? |
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Definition
Apoptosis.
No (cell destroyed from within). |
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Term
What is the term for pathological cell death?
What happens to the cell? |
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Definition
Necrosis.
The cell may swell, burst, spill contents and inflammation. |
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Term
| What is the disease state characterized by uncontrolled, abnormal cell division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the genes that code for proteins to stop cell division, or induce apoptosis? |
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Definition
| Tumor suppressor genes (ie. BRCA) |
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