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Definition
| study of the functions of living things. |
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Term
| what are the two approaches to explaining events that occur in the body |
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Definition
one: emphasizing the purpose of a body process
two: the underlying mechanism by which this process occurs. |
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| levels of organization in the body in order and give an example of each |
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Definition
| chemical (molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell), cellular (a cell lining the stomach), tissue layers of tissue in the stomach wall), organ (the stomach), body (the digestive system) |
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Definition
| maintaining the same condition |
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| what are the major organ systems (that we will cover) |
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Definition
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Renal
G.I. |
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Points to know
Cardiovascular system |
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Definition
| circulatory system brings O and CO2 through system (density of capillaries) |
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Definition
| maintain homeostatis of O and CO2 levels |
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Definition
most significant 1) gets rid of waste
2) conditions the body fluid ----keeping body fluid at the same constant concentration ex. sodium(osmosis is your life) |
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Definition
| by product of hemoglobin (if you dont get rid of it can cause mental retardation ---very toxic) |
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Definition
| maintains good level of glucose and low levels of waste |
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| the most common atoms in the body are... |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen 96% |
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Term
| lipid bilayer is made up of |
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Definition
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| three types of specialized cell junctions |
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Definition
tight junctions impermeable
gap junctions communicating
desmosomes |
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Definition
adhesive junctions that do not regulate cell shape
act as "spot rivets" bt two adjacent cells
most abundant in tissue that is subject to stretching |
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Definition
"staples" together cells and seals off passageways bt the cells
prevents undesirable leaks
found in epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
small connecting tunnels made by connexons
abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle
•In nonmuscle tissues permits unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells
serves as a method for a direct transfer of small signaling molecules from one cell to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| a channel bt cells that allows exchange of intercellular fluid 6 form bridge....gap junction |
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| what are the two types of membrane transport |
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Definition
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| unassisted transport includes |
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Definition
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Definition
carrier mediated
facilitated
active |
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Definition
| net diffusion of water down its own concentration gradient |
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| membranes are ______ to water but ______ to solute |
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Definition
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Definition
| no net movement of water no change in cell volume |
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Definition
| water diffuses into cells...they swell |
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Definition
| water diffuses out of cell...they shrink |
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Definition
| an integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances across membrane in the same direction |
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Definition
| an integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances in the opposite directions |
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Term
| the Na K pump is what kind of transport |
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Definition
| active....uses energy to drive the Na uphill out of the cell |
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Term
| Primary Active Transport in a Na K pump |
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Definition
| establishes Na concentration gradient from lumen to cell which drives Secondary Active Transport |
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Term
| Secondary Active Transport in Na K pump |
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Definition
| create glucose concentration gradient from cell to blood which is used for facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| what substances are involved in diffusion through the lipid bilayer what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| nonpolar molecules of any size...passive transport (molecules move from high to low concentration) and will cease when there is equilibrium |
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Term
| what substances are involved in diffusion through protein channels what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| specific small molecules (K+ Ca 2+ Cl-) passive high to low concentration by attraction of ion to opp charge will cease when there is equilibrium |
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Term
| what substances are involved in diffusion by osmosis what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| water only passive from high to low concentration goes until the concentration diff is abolished or until stopped by opposing hydrostatic pressure or until cell is destroyed |
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Term
| what substances are involved in facilitated diffusion what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| specific polar molecules which carriers are available passive from high to low goes until transport max carrier can become saturated |
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Term
| what substances are involved in primary active transport what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| specific cations carriers are available ...active ions move against gradient low to high (requires ATP) goes til the transport max carrier can become saturated |
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Term
| what substances are involved in secondary active transport (symport or antiport) what energy requirements and what is the limit |
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Definition
| specific polar molecules and ions coupled transport carriers are available...active against gradient driven directly by ion gradient (Na+) goes til transport max coupled transport carrier can become saturated |
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Term
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Definition
| the voltage difference between the inside and the outside of the cell |
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Term
| Na+ is in high concentration on the _____ of the cell and K+ is in high concentration on the ____ of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| the concentration of Na+ is _____ mM extracellularly and ____mM intracellularly the relativie permeability is _____mM |
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Definition
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Term
| the concentration of K+ is _____ mM extracellularly and ____mM intracellularly the relativie permeability is _____mM |
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Definition
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Term
| the concentration of A- is _____ mM extracellularly and ____mM intracellularly the relativie permeability is _____mM |
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Definition
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A white crystalline derivative of choline, CHNO, that is released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems and is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses in the body. |
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Definition
| catecholamine with dual roles as a hormone and a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
| (adrenaline)is a hormone and neurotransmitter[1] that participates in the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system.[2] It |
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Definition
| 80 to 90 percent of the human body's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the gut, where it is used to regulate intestinal movements. |
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Definition
| is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.[1] Histamine triggers the inflammatory response. |
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Definition
| is the organic compound with the formula NH2CH2COOH. With only a hydrogen atom as its side chain, glycine is the smallest of the 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins. Glycine is unique among the proteinogenic amino acids in that it is not chiral. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a non-essential amino acid. The carboxylate anions and salts of glutamic acid are known as glutamates. |
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Definition
| The carboxylate anion of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. |
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Definition
| The carboxylate anion of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. |
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Definition
| is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays an important role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system |
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Term
| what are the four types of chemical messengers |
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Definition
paracrines
neurotransmitters
hormones
neurohormones |
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Definition
local chemical messengers
exert effect only on neighboring cells in immediate environment of secretion site |
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Definition
short range chemical messengers
diffuse across narrow space to act locally on adjoining target cell |
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Definition
long range messengers
secreted into blood by endocrine glands in response to appropriate signal
exert effect on target cells some distance away from release site |
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Definition
hormones released into blood by neurosecretory neurons
distributed through blood to distant target cells |
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Definition
| process by which incoming signals are conveyed to target cells interior |
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Term
| binding of extracellular messenger to matching receptor brings about desired intracellular response by either |
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Definition
opening or closing channels
activating second messenger systems |
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Term
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Definition
| study of homeostatic activities accomplished by hormones |
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Term
| two distinct groups of hormones based on their solubility properties |
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Definition
hydrophilic hormones---highly water soluble low lipid solubility
Lipophilic hormones---high lipid solubility poorly soluble in water |
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