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Definition
| the function of anatomical structures |
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Definition
| state of reasonably stable balance between physiological variables |
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| What is the smallest particle, molecule, or substance that is considered to be alive? |
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Definition
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| 4 major cell type groups in humans? |
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Definition
1- muscle
2- nerve
3- epithelium
4- connective |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid within cells (approx. 67% of fluid in body) |
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Definition
| fluid that is found outside of the cell (1/3 of fluid found in body) |
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| Extracellular fluid - plasma = ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do homeostatic control systems regulate? |
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Definition
| cells, tissues and organs. a change in the tissues causes a reaction that will "correct" the change |
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Definition
| staying at constant level without any extra energy added or taken away |
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Definition
| constantly adding or taking away (cells use glucose, having to replace them) |
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Definition
| the level at steady state or at equilibrium there's a normal set point, but at times can change |
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Term
| This feedback system is not common in physiology. It reinforces the change; if high, it gets higher and lower gets lower and lower |
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Definition
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Term
| This feedback system is an icrease or decrease in a variable that causes the opposite response (if high, gets low...etc) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can be reset. (some examples are: oxygen levels, glucose levels, temperature-fever) |
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Term
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Definition
ex: nerve cells detect change in temperature
-when smell a delicious meal and start to salivate
-fight or flight response |
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Term
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Definition
| specific involuntary, unpremeditated, unlearned "built-in" response to a particular stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| pathway that mediates a reflex |
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Term
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Definition
| this can be any cell, but muscles and glands are most common |
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Term
| 4 types of Intercellular Chemical Messengers |
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Definition
1- hormones
2 - neurotransmitter
3- paracrine agent
4- autocrine agent |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical released into bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| affecting cells right next to it |
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Term
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Definition
| due to genetics, happens to an organism over a period of time through evolution (ex: ability to shiver, homeostatic control system) |
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Term
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Definition
| improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system, normally reversible (ex. at beginning of summer you are very warm, at end of summer your body is used to the heat) |
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Term
| Negative Balance w/in body |
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Definition
| loss exceeds gain, so total amount in the body is decreasing |
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Term
| Positive Balance w/in body |
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Definition
| gain exceeds loss, so the total amount in the body is increasing |
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Term
| Homeostasis wants the gain to = the loss, also called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| regulates what goes in/out of cell. made up of phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| anything with polar & nonpolar region |
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Term
| Outer layer of phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| hydrophilic "water-loving" heads |
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Term
| Inner layer of phospholipid bilayer |
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Definition
| hydrophobic "water-fearing" tails |
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Term
Bilayer has fluid movement which makes it a....?
And what other three things does the cell membranes phospholipid bilayer contain? |
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Definition
Fluid Mosaic Model.
-cholestrol (for movement)
-proteins
-Glycocalyx sugars; how the cell is differentiated |
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Term
| Integral Membrane Protein of cell membrane |
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Definition
amphipathic.
transmembrane proteins: have things going through them and in them, embedded in cell and can move around within cell |
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Term
| Peripheral Proteins of cell membrane |
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Definition
polar molecules, on INSIDE of cell, not embedded within nonpolar.
*can interact with transmembrane proteins |
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Term
| Desmosome (membrane cellular junction) |
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Definition
found in heart, space between cells
contain CADHERINS--protein branches that connect the cells |
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Term
| Tight junctions (membrane cellular junction) |
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Definition
| where plasma membrane meet together, nothing can flow through this space. |
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Term
| Gap junction (membrae cellular junction) |
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Definition
| used for cell communication, ions travel through connecting channels between membrane walls. found in heart |
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Term
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Definition
| pieces of DNA that code for proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| total genetic info in DNA of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2-step process of DNA to proteins.... |
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Definition
| Transcription, translation |
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Term
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Definition
| copying of gene, making DNA into RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| process of RNA into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
alteration in nucleotide sequence, mutagens cause genetic mutation
*not always bad--evolution; new adaptations! |
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Definition
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Term
| For protein and ligand to bond.... |
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Definition
| they must be very close to eachother, specificity, when ligand binds to protein it CHANGES FUNCTION of protein! |
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Term
high affinity binding site
-intermediate affinity binding site
-low affinity binding site |
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Definition
| negatively charged ligand, positively charged protein |
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Term
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Definition
percentage of occupied binding sites, concentration of unbound ligands
*to speed up how many proteins bind to ligands, can keep adding more ligands, but will have to stop at 100% saturation |
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Term
| Higher affinity in lower saturation could mean they're all.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1 ligand can bind to a site. effects of ligand A may be reduced or diminished by presence of ligand B or C |
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Term
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Definition
| binding to proteins can change the shape of proteins. when you alter the shape of a second binding site, you change the characteristics of that site |
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Term
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Definition
uses modulary molecule to change shape of protein
-charged molecules can change the shape of proteins
phosphate group - phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| requires energy, uses phosphate group to change molecular charge and change shape of protein |
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Term
| Enzymes are involved in metabolism which is the process of... |
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Definition
| building up and breaking down of organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesis of organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of organic molecules |
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Term
| Lock and Key enzyme process |
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Definition
| fit together perfect, enzyme-substrate complex |
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Term
| Induced Fit enzyme process |
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Definition
| cause enzyme to fit around them |
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Term
| 4 things that affect the rate of chemical reactions |
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Definition
1- activation energy
2- substrate concentrations
--can increase up to saturation
3- enzyme concentrations
--level off when enzymes all binded
4- enzyme activity
--affinity |
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