Term
| What are the 10 steps of Discovery, Preparation, and Curation of Skeletal Remains? ch 14 |
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Definition
1. Search
2. Discovery
3.Excavation and Retrieval
4. Transport
5. Sorting
6. Preparation
7. Preservation
8. Restoration
9. Molding and Casting
10. Curation |
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Term
| After Discovery, what are the 3 questions you should ask yourself? ch 14 |
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Definition
| Is the material human? How are the individuals represented? What's the antiquity? |
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Term
| During excavation and retrieval what are are the steps in recovery of skeletal material? ch 14 |
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Definition
1. mark each skeletal part w/ pin flag and assess distribution to predict where piesces might be
2. Consolidate fagile bone in situ w/ preservative
3. document context
4. obtain proper equipment for recovery
5. make written andphotographic records of everything important, USE A SCALE AND DIRECTIONAL ARROW
6. Begin preservation measures if necessary
7. Collect bone exposed on surface
8. Screen earth from abdominal region of all skeletons to recover dietary or fetal skeletal remains |
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Term
| During excavation and retrieval, what are some important things to remember about burials? (2) |
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Definition
| expose bones one at a time, use appropriate tools |
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Term
| In excavation and retrieval, where should you let bones dry? ch 14 |
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Definition
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Term
| In excavation and retrieval, what is an inexpensive, efective way to stabiliaze, protect and keep bones and parts in place? ch 14 |
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Definition
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Term
| In transporting, when is it necessary to use jacketing and how do you do it? ch. 14 |
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Definition
Use it when you have to remove a block of matrix.
1.Isolate specimen on pedestal of earth. 2.Cover w/ several layers of wet tissue paper where bone is exposed.
3. Use burlap bandages soaked in plaster to form cast or jacket around specimen |
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Term
| What does antiquity mean? |
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Definition
| the peoples, nations, tribes, or cultures of ancient times |
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Term
| What is paleoepidemiology? ch 20 |
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Definition
| the study of disease in ancient communities |
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Term
| What is paleo demography? ch 20 |
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Definition
| The study of vital statistics in ancient communities |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of diseases in ancient populations as revealed by skeleal remains and preserved soft tissues |
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Term
| According to Waldron, What are the four extrinsic factors acting on dead populations, all reducing the size of the subset available to study? ch 20 |
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Definition
1. Only a portion of those that die are buried at the site being studied
2. Only a portion of the buried evade destruction
3. Only a portion of the undestroyed are discovered
4. Only a portion of the discovered are recovered for the osteologist to analyze |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the processes that operate between the time of death of the organism and the time of study |
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Term
| Who coined the term taphonomy and when? ch 19 |
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Definition
| 1940s Russian paleontologist, Efremov |
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Term
| What are the four main sources of variation? ch 2 and 18 |
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Definition
1. ontogeny
2. sex
3. geography
4. idiosyncracy |
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Term
| What does premortem mean? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| what does perimortem mean? ch 18 |
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Definition
| before or around time of death |
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Term
| What are the 3 main objectives of paleopathological research? ch 18 |
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Definition
1. diagnosis of specific diseases in individual skeletal remains
2. analysis of impact of various diseases in human pop thru time and space
3. clarification of evolutionary interactions btwn humans and disease
i.e. find out what it is, see how it impacted people, see how it evolved |
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Term
| What are Harris lines? ch 18 |
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Definition
| Lines of increased bone density that represent position of growth plate at time of insult to organism |
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Term
| What is the only real advantage an osteologist has oin studying pathology? ch 18 |
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Definition
| can look at skeleton w/o soft tissue cover |
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Term
| What are the two major impediments of paleopathological work according to Miller? ch 18 |
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Definition
1. small amt of well-documented clinically diagnosed skeletal samples as control
2. difficulty in finding skeletal abnormalities or patterns of abnormalities that are unique to individual disease |
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Term
| What are two basic steps to paleopathological work? ch 18 |
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Definition
1. description
2. diagnosis |
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Term
| What does lytic mean? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| what does blastic mean? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some techniques used for paleopathological diagnosis? ch 18 |
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Definition
| gross anatomy, radiographs, histology, microradiographs, scanning electron micrographs, chemical analysis, serology, DNA techniques |
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Term
| Where were all the ostological pathology samples from? ch 18 |
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Definition
| Berkeley Primate Skeletal Collection |
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Term
| What is the most common pathology affecting the skeleton? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second most common pathology affecting the skeleton? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a complete fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| one in which broken end of bone become separated |
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Term
| What are the forces that act on bone that can cause breakage? ch 18 (5 types) |
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Definition
| tension, torsion, bending, shearing, compression |
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Term
| What is an icomplete fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| fracture in which breakage and bending is combined |
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Term
| What is a comminuted fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| one in which the bone splinters |
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Term
| What is a compound fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| One in which the bone perforates the skin |
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Term
| what is pathological fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| happens as a result of the bone already being weak b/c of pathology |
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Term
| what does compressed mean in respect to bone? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What does depressed mean in respect to bone (ch 18) |
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Definition
| fragments depressed below adjacent surface |
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Term
| How is antemortem fracture differentiated from postmorem fracture? ch 18 |
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Definition
| callus (hard tissue) at site of broken bone is formed during healing process |
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Term
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Definition
| non-union after the break in bone. Dev most in appendicular skeleton
[image] |
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Term
| How did Lovejoy and Heiple (1981) discover that the despite a high fracture rate in Libben, child abuse was not practiced? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What is disarticulation? ch 18 |
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Definition
| movement of joint participants out of contact and simultaneous disruption of joint capsule |
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Term
| What happens to the articular cartilage after a joint is dislocated? |
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Definition
| it cannot obtain nurishment from synovial fluid, so cartilage disintegrates and arthritic changes occur |
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Term
| What is trephination? ch 18 |
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Definition
| practice in which artifical hole is made in cranial vault to relieve cranial pressure (mental and physical) |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of bone tissue caused by infection or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone inflammation caused by bacteria that enters bone via wound. Mainly enters long bones and defined as an infection that involves medullary cavity |
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Term
| What microorganism causes osteomyelitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is involucrum mean? ch 18 |
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Definition
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Term
| What does osteomyelitis look like? ch 18 |
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Definition
| coarsely woven bone around original long bone corex and one or more openings for pus drainage called cloacae |
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Term
| What is periostitis? ch 18 |
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Definition
| inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection |
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Term
| How does periostitis differ from osteomelitis? |
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Definition
| only involves outer bone, w/o involvement of marrow cavity. Forms woven bone that sleeves the underlying bone |
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Term
| What is tuberculosis? ch 18 |
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Definition
| chronic infectious disease that results from bacterium, mycobarterium tuberculosis. |
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Term
| How are bones affected by tuberculosis? |
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Definition
| vetebral column primary focus. Collapse of one or several vertebral bodies causing a sharp angle in spine (kyphosis) when viewed from side. Sometimes osteomyelitis or septic arthritis b/c shows destruction and cavitation in cancellous bone. Os coxxae also foci. |
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Term
| What causes a treponemal infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of treponemal infections? |
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Definition
| skeletal lesions, usually focus on frontal and parietals and facial skeleton and tibia |
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Term
| what is porotic hyperostosis? |
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Definition
| condiction exhibiting lesions. Thinning and often complete destruction of outer table of cranial vault. |
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Term
| How is porotic hyperostosis recognizable? |
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Definition
| porosity of craial vault, Usually bilaterally symmetrical, focused on parietals and anterolateral quadrant of orital roofs. Lesions on orbits called cribra orbitalia |
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Term
| what causes porotic hyperostosis? |
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Definition
| nutrient loss due to diarrhea, endemically inadequate diet, anemia, infection HYPEROSTOSIS CAUSED BY IRON DEFICIENCY |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic disease caused by long term insufficient vitamin C. |
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Term
| How is scurvy looking in bone? |
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Definition
| cortical thinning and pathological fractures in rapidly growing areas |
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Term
| what does vitamin C help with? |
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Definition
| production of collagen and therefore osteoid |
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Term
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Definition
| insufficient amt vitamin D that causes failure of mineral deposition so excessive uncalcified osteoid accumulates and bone tissue remains soft |
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Term
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Definition
| disease usually linked to general malnutrition. Greatest effects on ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| increased porotiy of bone that is part of aging p Organisms failure to maintain balache btwn bone resorption and formationrocess |
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Term
| Why do males suffer from osteoporitis less than women? |
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Definition
| males endowed w/ more bone mass initially |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive prod of somatotrophic hormmon and overstimulation of growth cartilages and gigantic proportions of skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| overly prod pituitary like in gigantism but after epiphyses fused. Most dramatic effect is mandibular condyle |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary form of dwarfism w/ limb shortening, almost normal trunk and vault dev and small face. caused by congenital disturbance of cartilage formation at epiphyses...skeletal dysplasia |
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Term
| What is multiple myeloma? |
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Definition
| rare primary malignant tumor of hematopoietic tissue. Widespread pattern of lytic lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| benign tumors, usually asymptomatic. Arise at epiphyseal lines and protude at right angles. Resemble ossified tendons |
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Term
|
Definition
| mound of compact bone, usually on ectocranial surface. Called 'button' osteoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are three other sarcomatas listed? |
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Definition
| osteosarcomata, chondrosarcomata, Ewing's sarcoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common form of arthritis and how is it characterized? |
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Definition
| osteoarthritis. It is characterized by the destruction of the articular cartilage in a join and the formation of adjacent bone, in the form of bony liping and spur formation (osteophytes) around the joint |
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Term
| What is primary osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| resulting from a combination of factors, including age, sex hormones, mechanical stress, and genetic predisposition |
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Term
| What is secondary osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| initiated by trauma or another cause such as the invasion of the joint by bacteria (septic arthritis often complication of osteomyelitis) |
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Term
| What is a phenomenon commonly found with osteoarthritis? |
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Definition
| eburnation--the result of subchondral bone being exposed when cartilage is destroyed. Bone affected this way takes on polished, ivorylike appearance |
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Term
| What kind of arthritis do middle-age women get and what is it? |
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Definition
| rheumatoid arthritis. Body's immune system attacks own cartilage. Bone changes are atrophic and esp focused in hands and feet. Lesions bilaterally symmetrical. Least common arthropathy in archeological evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal immobility and fixation of a joint resulting from pathological changes in the joint |
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Term
| What is ankylosing spondylititis? |
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Definition
| a chronic and usually progressive disease that affects the vertebral column. The associated ligaments of spine ossify, and the intervertebral joints become immobilized. |
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Term
| What is a prerequisite for the formation of dental caries? |
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Definition
| dental plaque (a matrix and its inhabiting community of bacteria that forms on the tooth) and a diet that includes fermentable carbohydrates |
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Term
| What happened with Georgia and dental caries? This was found by Larsen. |
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Definition
| Argriculture led to an increase in the frequency of carious lesions, mostly in women, which showed a difference in subsistence roles |
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Term
| What is dental hypoplasia? |
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Definition
| condition characterized by transverse lines, pits, and grooves on the surface of tooth crown. Effects enamel dev. Caused by several diff factors, all of them the result of metabolic insult |
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Term
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Definition
| The inflammation of tissues around a tooth. Can involve both soft tissues and the bone itself. It is the result of infection of the alveolar bone and adjacent tissues. Causes recession of the alveolar bone as either a horizontal lowering of the crest of the alveolar process or an irrecgular lowering of the process, with pockets expanding into cancellous bone of jaws |
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Term
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Definition
| localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by tissue disintegration. Found as cavities w/in alveolar bone near tooth root apices. |
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Term
| What is a dental calculus? |
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Definition
| mineralized plaque on tooth surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| purposeful removal of usually anterior teeth |
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Term
| What is dental mutilation? |
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Definition
| filing, chipping, inlays, etc |
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Term
| what is the earliest evidence of toothpicks and who is it found by? |
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Definition
| Frayer, interproximal grooves present btwn adjacent teeth as grooves |
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Term
| What will infuluence the dev of disease? 5 things |
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Definition
| sex, race, weight, movement, genetic predisposition |
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