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| clines are gradual changes in frequency of alleles or features across space. |
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| species that have local populations that differ in one or more traits, and exhibit wide genotypic and phenotypic variation, |
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| gene or fragment DNA with a known location used to compare between organisms to study relatedness. |
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| combination of alleles that are inherited as a unit due to location on the chromosome |
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| large set of haplotypes that may be used to define a population |
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| measure of relatedness between populations, used to model genetic drift v. gene flow |
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| given similar shape larger animals lose less heat than smaller animals |
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| in warmer climates animals have long lanky limbs, in colder climates animals have short bulky limbs. |
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| melanin levels in the skin, selection of dark skin in places where there is high levels of UV rays |
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Definition
| not inherited characteristics |
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| short term adaptation (minutes to days) |
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| longer term adaptation (days to months) |
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| Developmental Acclimitization |
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Definition
| change/adaptation occurs during the physical growth of the organism |
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| the ability to exploit almost any environment, only for humans |
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| physical change in a plant or animal due to human selection |
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Definition
| stem of a plant. becomes hard in domesticated plants |
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Definition
| protective seed covering. becomes soft in domesticated plants |
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| Example of domestication? |
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Definition
| Corn/maize so domesticated cannot reproduce without human intervention. |
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Definition
| belief that all humans can from one set of ancestors |
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Definition
| belief that human races are separate species with separate origins |
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Definition
clssified humans with all other organisms, but divided Homo sapiens up by basis of race and racial stereotypes
believed in Fixity of Species, consistant with belief of great chain of being |
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Definition
| all species remained unchanged throughout the history of the earth |
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| medieval concept detailing a strict, hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God. |
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Definition
viewed human species as singular.
noted influence of environment on organisms
coined term "race" |
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| Blumenbach's racial typology |
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Definition
based on skin color and other traits
recognized continous variation not distinct categories
looked for fixed traits |
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Definition
| Cephalic Index- measuring skull shape to determine race |
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Term
| Biological Determinism and Essentialism |
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Definition
| all scientists wanted to demonstract a biological reason for the superiority of European culture (product of enlightenment) |
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Definition
| opposed the mixing of races |
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father of modern anthropology
1st study of human plasticity
demonstrated culture and environment has as much say as inheritance of those genetic traits |
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| application of biological anthropology(osteology) to the legal process |
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| the application of biological anthropology (osteology) to study of human remains recovered from archeological sites |
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| Age, sex, stature, ancestry, Antemortem and perimortem pathology |
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| the instant of death, usually cause of death |
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Definition
warfare and interpersonal violence
paleoepidemiology- ancient health and sickness
paleodiet
cultural behaviors
population genetics |
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| Cons of Agricultural lifeway |
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Definition
physiological stress (stature, enamel)
craniofacial changes
dental caries, antemorteum tooth loss
elevated warfare
elevated infectious disease
malnutrition
osteoarthritis |
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Term
| Benefits of Domestication |
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Definition
higher population density
produce and store food
land inheritance |
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Term
| Consequences of DOmestication |
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Definition
less balanced diet
increadsed dental caries
anemia
slow growth
decline in average life expectancy |
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Term
| Social changes from Domestication |
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Definition
larger more permanent settlements
land inheritance
unequal distribution of resources
hierarchy
ascribed status (from birth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Wheat Barley goats sheep rice |
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| corn beans squash potatoes llamas alpacas |
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| all habitable areas were reduced to oases and in order to compete in a restricted area they had to invent domestication |
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| Natural Habitat hypothesis |
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Definition
| domestication took place where people encountered wild ancestors of domestic plants and animals "hilly flanks" fertile crescent region |
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| Population pressure "edge" hypothesis |
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Definition
| rising populations among hunter gathers in areas where wild plants and animals were less available meant some people had to develop farming in order to sustain the population |
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Definition
| farming encouraged because it allows people to accumulate stores that can be converted to labor or valued objects |
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Term
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| Old World term for time at the beginning of domestication and prior to smelting of metals |
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Term
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Definition
| COLD hammered and annealed with evidence of long distance trade. |
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Definition
| used only in eastern part of the US lasts much later than mesolithic era of the Old World |
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Term
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Definition
| domestication does not happen just because it is possible, requires cultural acceptance. |
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Term
| Extinction at the end of the Pleistocene |
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Definition
| no idea why possibilities:human hunting, climate change |
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Term
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Definition
| end of Pleistocene to beginning of dependence on domestication OLD WORLD ONLY |
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Term
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Definition
| end of Pleistocene to beginning of dependence on domestication NEW WORLD ONLY |
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Term
| Themes of Mesolithic and Archaic |
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Definition
| people settling down for some periods of time seasonal movements. still hunter gatherers, use wide variety of food stuffs and settle near estuaries |
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