Term
| Name the three specimens of Australopithicus |
|
Definition
1) africanus
2) afarenis
3) anamensis |
|
|
Term
| Name the years in which africanus, afarensis, and anamensis lived |
|
Definition
africanus (3.5- 2.5 mya)
afarensis (3.9- 3.0 mya)
anamensis (4.2- 3.9 mya) |
|
|
Term
| Name the five specimens that were found in ONLY East Africa |
|
Definition
1) A. afarensis
2) A. anamensis
3) P. boisei
4) P. aethiopicus
5) Kenyanthropus platyops |
|
|
Term
| Name the two specimens that were found ONLY in South Africa |
|
Definition
1) A. africanus
2) P. robustus |
|
|
Term
| Name the place Homo habilus existed |
|
Definition
| - East Africa and South Africa |
|
|
Term
| Name the place Homo erectus existed |
|
Definition
- Africa, Asia, and Europe
- first human known outside Africa |
|
|
Term
| Name the places Homo sapiens sapiens or Crog- Magnon existed |
|
Definition
- Africa, Near East, Asia, and Australia
- what about the New World? - not enough evidence to support this theory |
|
|
Term
| Name the person A. africanus was found by, and what specific specimen was found |
|
Definition
- Found by Raymond Dart
- The Taung Child is the specimen of A. africanus (an intermediate or transitional specimen or "missing link") |
|
|
Term
| Name the traits of the Australopithicus |
|
Definition
| - broad nasal base, Y5 molars, brain larger than face but still more ape- like, suspensory adaptations, good biped not great, no sagittal crest, no flat dished face, no large cheek arches, no huge cheek teeth, and no robust cranial bones- more gracial, and hieght is smaller than humans being 3 to 5 feet because of sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
| Name who recovered A. afarensis and the specific specimen found and any special traits |
|
Definition
- A. afarensis was recovered by Johanson, White, and Coppens
- The specific specimen found was Lucy who was sexually dimorphic and used trees |
|
|
Term
| Name the person who recovered A. anamensis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the traits of Paranthropines |
|
Definition
| - had sagittal crest, flat dished faces, large cheek arches, huge cheek teeth, and robust cranial bones, good not great bipeds, more ape-like brain, most likely to be omnivores with a tough, fibrous diet due to their stratch marks and large pits in their dental enamel |
|
|
Term
| Name the three specimens of Paranthropines and how long ago that they existed |
|
Definition
1) P. robustus (1.9- 1.0 mya)
2) P. Boisei (2.3- 1.4 mya)
3) P. aethiopicus (2.5 mya: the oldest paranthropine) |
|
|
Term
| Name the person who recovered P. robustus |
|
Definition
| - Broom recovered P. robustus |
|
|
Term
| Name the person who found P. boisei and the specific specimen that was recovered |
|
Definition
| - Mary & Louis Leakey recovered P. boisei and the specimen found was nicknames "Nutcracker Man" or Zinj because of who sponsered the site |
|
|
Term
| Who recovered P. aethiopicus and what was the nickname given to the specific specimen found |
|
Definition
| - P. aethiopicus was recovered by Richard Leakey and the nickname was give the "Black Skull" |
|
|
Term
| Name the person who found Kenyanthropus platyops and the dates it was thought to have existed |
|
Definition
- the Third Pliocene Genus
- found by Meave Leakey
- existed 3.5 mya
- shares some features with Australopithecines & others with Paranthropines |
|
|
Term
| Name the dates that Homo habilis and Homo erectus existed |
|
Definition
1) Homo habilis (2.3-1.6 mya)
2) Homo erectus (1.9 mya -200,000 mya) |
|
|
Term
| Name the person who recovered Homo habilis, the nickname it was given, and any specific traits associated with Homo habilis |
|
Definition
- Louis Leakey recovered the specimen and nicknamed him the "Handyman"
- special traits include there stone tool culture which was labeled OLDOWAN and consisted of chopper and flake technology |
|
|
Term
| Name the three people who recovered specimens of Homo erectus and the nicknames that they gave them and the specific traits associated with those specimens |
|
Definition
- Dubios discovered "Java Man"
- Davidson Black discovered "Peking Man" who both had a sagittal keel not crest and had Acheulean Stone Tool Industry which consisted of biface and hand ax that were more symmetrical and took more planning
- Richard Leakey found another and called it the “The Nariokotome Youth” which was a GREAT BIPED and all locomotor patterns and stature were like the modern humans because of the pelvis, tibia, and femur |
|
|
Term
| Name the differences that Homo erectus is distinct from Homo habilis |
|
Definition
- cranial traits: sagittal keel, smaller cheek bones, jaws & teeth, face less prognathic, larger cranium & brain (brain-size within modern range)
postcranial distinctions: stature modern, most individuals well over 5 feet in height, locomotor adaptations at the pelvis, femur, & tibia are modern. Homo erectus was the first fully-facultative biped. Not merely a good biped, Homo erectus was a GREAT biped. |
|
|
Term
| Name the dates that Homo sapiens (Archaic) existed and their subspecies Homo sapiens neaderthals and Cro- Magnon (Homo sapien sapiens) existed |
|
Definition
- Homo sapiens (Archaic)/ 900,000-250,000 mya
- Neanderthals (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis)- 300,000-30,000 mya
- Cro-Magnon, Us (Homo sapiens sapiens) - 190,000 to NOW |
|
|
Term
| Name the traits of neanderthalensis |
|
Definition
- large nasal openings, enlarged, sinuses, mid- facial prognathism, occipital bun, larger brain, retromolar gap, short and robust bodies
- brain size is larger than ours but not when compared to body wieght
- cognitive skills are different than ours
- similiar use in motor control of tongue because of hyoid bone
- evidence inclusive when it comes to speech and language
- Cave Bear competition unlikely
- much like us, buried dead, had technology, art, and culture
- arise during glacial stage, have years of interglacial time period, and end in glacial age
- Have cold weather adaptations like Inuit Eskimos
- Within our stature range |
|
|
Term
| Where was the first Homo habilis found and by whom? |
|
Definition
| - the first Homo habilis was found at Olduvai Gorge by the Leakeys |
|
|
Term
| Name the 5 stages within the Teritary and the specimen that evolved within each other them and the dates |
|
Definition
(K/T Boundary happened at 66 mya)
1) PALEOCENE (1st primates/ 66- 56 mya)
2) EOCENE (1st Halphorines/ 56- 34 mya)
3) OLIGOCENE (1st Catarrhines/ 34- 23 mya)
4) MIOCENE (1st Hominids/ 23- 5 mya)
5) PLIOCENE (first confirmed humans at 5 mya) |
|
|
Term
| Name the features of the genus Homo |
|
Definition
| - Increased brain and body size/ reduction of size of teeth especially molars and premolars/ obligate bipedalism/ increased reliance on stone tools/ increased sophistication of tools/ forehead/ evidence of parabolic dental arcade/ decreased maxillary prognathism/ first projecting nose, true nasal bones/ lack of sagittal crest, smooth cranial vault/ centrally positioned foramen magnum/ reduced nuchal crest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Begins around 2.6 MYA/ East Africa/ Core tools, bifaces, choppers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Begins around 1.65 MYA/ Hand axes |
|
|
Term
| Describe Mousterian tools |
|
Definition
| - not clearly defined who made it/ starts around 300- 250 KYA/ flake based |
|
|
Term
| Describe Upper Paleollithic tools |
|
Definition
| - High frequency of blades/ greater variety of tool types/ use of bone and antler as tools or parts of tools |
|
|
Term
| Name the characteristics of the Order Primates |
|
Definition
- stereoscopic vision
- post- orbital bar
- petrosal auditory bulla
- nails (not claws)
- divergent hallux (Big toe) not same thing as Pollex (Thumb) |
|
|
Term
| Name the characteristics of the infraorder catarrhini |
|
Definition
| - yes ear tube/ two premolars/ 2.1 2.3/ Old World Monkeys, apes, and humans |
|
|
Term
| Name the characteristics of the infraorder platyrrhini |
|
Definition
| - No ear tube/ 3 premolars/ 2.1 3.3/ New World Monkeys |
|
|
Term
| Name the characteristics of the suborder Haplorhini |
|
Definition
| - dry nose/ no toothcomb/ closed eye orbit/ tear duct inside |
|
|
Term
| Name the characteristics of the suborder strepsirhini |
|
Definition
| - wet nose/ toothcomb/ open eye orbit/ tear duct outside |
|
|
Term
| Explain the bases that match eachother and the base pair rule |
|
Definition
Four Bases:
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Guanine (G)
- Cytosine (C)
DNA Base Pair Rule"
A-T (U) and G- C
- bases always pair the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs during mitosis: or meiosis/ one celled organism divides into two new individuals
- Meiosis: cell division that results in sex cells/ only on gonads
- process by which a strand of DNA is duplicate (exactly) |
|
|
Term
| Explain protein synthesis and explain transcription and translation |
|
Definition
Transcription:
- always occurs in nucleus
- segment of DNA that contains a particular code unwinds
o Nucleotide units of RNA are attracted
o Nucleotide units link together and mRNA
Translation:
- occurs in ribosome
- a Codon in 3 bases in mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid
End Result: Protein |
|
|
Term
| Describe Mendel's two laws |
|
Definition
1) Law of Segregation: every person has two alleles for each trait, but in the formation of gametes those alleles segregate or separate so that only one allele for each trait is passed on to the offspring
2) Law of Independent Assortment: each pair of alleles segregates into different gametes independently (Ex. The inheritance of tongue rolling is independent of having a hitchhikers thumb) |
|
|
Term
| Explain what Pedigree Charts do and the difference between Autosomal dominant versus Autosomal recessive |
|
Definition
Pedigree Charts
- Reconstruction of family relationships that shows the distribution of traits among members of the family
- Autosomal dominant: the number of affected individuals will tend to be more that unaffected individuals
- Autosomal recessive: the number of affected individuals will tend to be less than unaffected individuals |
|
|
Term
| Name the 6 earliest specimens and around what dates they existed |
|
Definition
| - Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7 mya)/ Orrorin tugenensis (6.2- 5.6 mya)/ Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba (5.8- 5.2 mya)/ Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya)/ Kenyanthropus anamensis (4.2- 3.9 mya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - easily observable traits that are controlled by one gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- alternative forms of genes
- ex. unattached earlobes and attached (dominant and recessive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - are expressed within a range of variation (think of fading light) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - do not have a range of variation (think of turning off light) |
|
|
Term
| Define genotype vs. phenotype |
|
Definition
| - genotype is the genetic make- up of an individual while phenotype is the physically observable or measurable characteristic of an organism (ex. hair, skin...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - heterozygous that has one dominant |
|
|
Term
| Define homozygous versus heterozygous |
|
Definition
| - homozygous is when both alleles are the same while heterozygous is one dominate allele and one recessive in the genotype |
|
|
Term
| Explain sex cell versus Somatic cell |
|
Definition
| - sex cells are sperms and eggs and somatic cells are every other cell not relating to the reproductive cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Deoxyronucleic acid/ codes for amino acids that are essential for growth, development and the normal functioning of cells/ never leaves nucleus/ double stranded/ only molecule to replicate itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sugar/ phosphate/ base
- what DNA is composed of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a sex cell that is created in each parent during meiosis/ these cells are haploid cells. They contain: 23 chromosomes (22 pairs and one sex chromosome, either X or Y) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - when two gamete cells unite they form this/ this is called a diplid cells that contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (46 chromosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - one of the mechanisms of evolution/ process by which individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce/ a trait must be inherited to have importance to natural selection |
|
|
Term
| Define reproductive fitness |
|
Definition
| - the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age/ those who are more fit will produce more offspring |
|
|
Term
| Define selective pressures |
|
Definition
| - forces in the environment that influence reproducitve fitness/ an individual is adapted to one environment and may go extinct if the environment changes or if it is moved to a different environment |
|
|
Term
| Define morphological variant |
|
Definition
| - a phenotypic variant of the same species (result of genetic variation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the process whereby the effect of natural selection on one organism has an impact on organisms within the same environmental niche/ each party in a co- evolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the oter, thereby effecting eachothers evolution |
|
|
Term
| Describe macroevolution versus microevolution |
|
Definition
| - macro is evolution at the species level or above and takes a long time while micro occurs below the species level and occasionally we can see this kind of evolution |
|
|
Term
Describe the following:
Anterior and posterior/ superior and inferior/ medial and lateral/ proximal and distal |
|
Definition
| - front and back/ top (towards head) and bottom (away from head)/ toward midline and away from midline/ nearest axial skeleton and away from axial skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the place where two adjacent bones come in contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - an opening through a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a depression (broad and shallow) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a rounded articular process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - an immovable joint between two bones |
|
|
Term
| Describe dental arcade shape |
|
Definition
| - the shape formed by the teeth and bones of the jaw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a space in the jaws (in the front of the first premolar) that allows the jaws of animals with large canines to close |
|
|
Term
| Describe sectoral premolar |
|
Definition
| - a specialized first lower premolar that hones and sharpens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - behavior in which one animal displaces another and takes preference in terms of sitting place, food, and females |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - kinship is traced through the mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a temporary alliance between a male and female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the residence group that an individual is born into, as opposed to that group which one joins |
|
|
Term
| Describe mother- infant interaction |
|
Definition
| - bond between the mother and offspring that helps with child nutrition, social learning, and survival learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the process by which an individual learns to adopt the behaviors of the community in which they live/ the individual will learn grooming friendship and other important social interactions |
|
|
Term
| Define evolutionary retention |
|
Definition
| - a trait that is present in a species because it has not changed since the time of its ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Describe primitive traits verses derived traits |
|
Definition
| - primitive traits are those traits that are inherited from distant ancestors where derived traits are those traits that just appeared by mutation, in the most recent ancestor |
|
|
Term
| Define adaptive radiation |
|
Definition
| - the evolution of an ancestral species into several new species within a relatively short period of time and in a certain geographic area (diversification) |
|
|
Term
| Describe hominid vs. hominoid |
|
Definition
| - A hominid is a bipedal ape while a hominoid is a term for all apes that are not obligate bipeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - opposite of prognathism, flat face |
|
|
Term
| Describe occipital torus/ bun |
|
Definition
| - sharply angled occipital bone/ bun |
|
|
Term
| Define supraorbital torus |
|
Definition
| - a heavy projecting "brow ridge" |
|
|
Term
| Define supraorbital sulcus |
|
Definition
| - "valley" above and beind the eye orbits |
|
|
Term
| Describe allometric growth |
|
Definition
| - pattern of growth whereby different parts of the body grow at different rates with respect to eachother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the study of measurements of the human body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - refers to a form of molar found in Old World monkeys consisting of four cusps wiht a small contriction separating them into two pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the increase in brain size over and beyond that explainable by an increase in body size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - formal designation of the types and numbers of teeth (2.1 2.3/ 2.1 2.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - animals different/ not considered true primates but Archaic primates because they lack many of the features we see in living members of the order |
|
|
Term
| Describe Euprimates and the two types |
|
Definition
| - the first fossil mammals that show all of the features of true primates/ from Euocene/ two types are Adapids that show features that resemble the modern strepsirhini and Omomyids share features that resemble modern Haplorhines |
|
|
Term
| Describe Parapithecids and Propliopithecids |
|
Definition
| - primates from the Oligocene/ parapithecids are primitive while propliopithecids are more ape like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - an early miocene primate found near Africa and Southeast Asia/ belonged to hominoids group |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Sivapithecus |
|
Definition
| - late miocene primates/ larger hominoids/ share qualities with orangatangs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - late Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene ape that lived in Southest Asia/ thought to co-exist with humans/ had sexual dimorphism |
|
|
Term
| Describe what a Punnet Square does and a dihybrid cross |
|
Definition
| - Determine the genotype/ a cross taht examines two characteristics or traits simultaneuously |
|
|
Term
| Describe what a Pedigree Chart does |
|
Definition
| - reconstruction of family relationships that shows the distribution of traits amoung members of the family |
|
|
