Term
|
Definition
| essential organic (carbon-containing) substances needed in SMALL AMOUNTS in the diet for normal function, growth, and maintenance in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| a compound (does/does not) qualify as a vitamin merely because the body cannot make it |
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Term
|
Definition
| what 4 vitamins are fat-soluble? |
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Term
|
Definition
| dissolve in fat but not readily in water |
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Term
| water-soluble vitamins (B vitamins and vitamin C) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what 4 vitamins are needed for immunity? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what 3 three vitamins are needed for bone health? |
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Term
1. vitamin B-6
2. Vitamin B-12
3. Folate
4. Vitamin K |
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Definition
| what 4 vitamins are needed for blood health? |
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Term
| Vitamin A, C, E, and carotenoids |
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Definition
| what 4 vitamins are needed for antioxidant systems? |
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Term
1. thiamin
2. riboflavin
3. niacin
4. pantothenic acid
5 biotin
6. vitamin B-12 |
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Definition
| what 6 vitamins are needed for energy metabolism? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what fat-soluble vitamin's toxicity the most common? |
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Term
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Definition
| carried with fat in blood in chylomicrons; not readily excreted (except vitamin K)--risk for toxicity if consumed in large amounts |
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Term
| water-soluble vitamins (B's and C) |
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Definition
coenzyme form borken down and free vitamins absorbed
doesn't require carrier in blood
excreted in urine based on tissue saturation-tissue storage capacity is limited (B-6 and B-12 are exceptions as they are stored in liver) |
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Term
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Definition
| intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs to prevent a deficiency or what would be found in a balanced diet; 2-10X human needs |
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Term
| increased risk for toxicity symptoms--side effects common |
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Definition
| are there are negative consequences of consuming megadoses of vitamins? |
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Term
| proven useful in treating several nondeficiency diseases (megadoses of a form of niacin can be used as part of blood cholesterol lowering treatment) |
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Definition
| are there are situations in which megadoses of vitamins are useful? |
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Term
water soluble vitamins destroyed by improper storage or excessive cooking
-- heat, light, air, cooking in water (vitamins leach out into water), alkalinity |
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Definition
| how can vitamins be lost/destroyed? |
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Term
1. riper foods contain more vitamins
2. eat foods soon after harvest (vitamins lost from time picked to consumed)
3. freeze foods that are not consumed within a few days
4. fresh is best, then frozen |
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Definition
| how can we best preserve vitamin content of food? |
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Term
| stored in liver and fatty tissue |
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Definition
| where are fat-soluble vitamins stored? |
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Term
| retinoids and carotenoids |
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Definition
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Term
vitamin A
(active forms-- retinol, retinal, retinoic acid) |
|
Definition
| exist only in animal products |
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Term
|
Definition
| contained in plant pigments; phytochemicals; antioxidants |
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Term
precursors to Vitamin A-- can be turned into vitamin A: called provitamin A
Beta-carotene is the only cartenoid that can be sufficiently absorbed and converted to retinol |
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Definition
| how are carotenoids related to vitamin A? |
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Term
1. health of epithelial cells and immune function
2. vision
3. CVD prevention-- antioxidant protection (inhibit oxidation of LDL)
4. growth, development and reproduction
5. possible cancer prevention |
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Definition
| what are 5 functions of vitamin A and carotenoids? |
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Term
| vitamin A and carotenoids |
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Definition
| prevents drying of the skin and eyes (mucus production impaired with deficiency)-- maintains mucus in organs |
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Term
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Definition
| vitamin A deficiency disorder that results in loss of ability to see under low-light conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| this vitamin is important for light-dark vision and color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| this helps prevent macular degeneration |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin is important for the differentiation and maturation of cells in early fetal growth; deficiency can cause stunted growth in children |
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Term
|
Definition
| decrease risk of lung and oral cancers, prostrate cancer in men |
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Term
|
Definition
| leading cause of blindness worldwide |
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Term
|
Definition
| hardening of cornea and drying of the surface of the eye (lack of mucus), which can result in blindness |
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|
Term
1. liver
2. fish
3. fish oils
4. fortified milk
5. butter
6. yogurt
7. eggs |
|
Definition
| 7 sources of vitamin A (animal products) |
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|
Term
1. dark green and yellow-orange vegetables
2. cooking improves bioavailability |
|
Definition
| carotenoids (plant foods) sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| what two food groups contain the most vitamin A? |
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Term
| no- hypercarotenemia: skin turns yellow-orange, particularly hands and soles of feet-- disappears when intake decreases |
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Definition
| does carotenoids in excess amount cause toxic effects? |
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Term
| birth defects and liver toxicity |
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Definition
| what are two effects of excess vitamin A? |
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Term
|
Definition
| only nutrient that is also a hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin is produced in the skin upon exposure to UV light |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin regulates blood calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
| a function of this vitamin is for gene expression and cell growth (immune system, brain and nervous system, parathyroid gland, pancreas, skin, muscles, reproductive organs) |
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|
Term
| Rickets (skeletal abnormalities include bowed legs, thick wrists and ankles, curvature of spine, skull malformations, pelvic deformities) |
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Definition
| what occurs in children with a vitamin D deficiency? |
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|
Term
osteomalacia: adult form of rickets
bones have low mineral density |
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Definition
| what is the term for the adult form of the vitamin D deficiency? |
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Term
sunlight
(fatty fish (salmon) is the highest and fortified foods (milk and cereals) |
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Definition
| the best source of vitamin D |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the recommendation for infants, children, and adolescents to consume how much vitamin D? |
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Term
|
Definition
| vegans and lactose intolerant people may have trouble meeting what vitamin needs? |
|
|
Term
1. weakness
2. loss of appetite
3. diarrhea
4. vomiting
5. mental confusion
6. increased urine output |
|
Definition
| toxicity of vitamin D symptoms (excess vitamin D can lead to calcium deposits in the kidneys and other organs) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin E donates electrons to free radicals (free radicals cause damage to cells-donating electron will neutralize it) |
|
Definition
| how does vitamin E work to prevent oxidative damage? |
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|
Term
preterm infants: vitamin E is typically transferred from mother late in pregnancy
smokers: smoking destroys vitamin E in lungs |
|
Definition
| why are preterm infants, smokers, and people with fat malabsorption particulary susceptible to oxidative damage to cell membranes? |
|
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Term
| plant products and oils are best sources (oils, seeds, butter spreads) |
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Definition
| what are groups of food that provide vitamin E? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what two food groups contains the most vitamin E? |
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|
Term
excess can interfere with vitamin K's role in blood clotting
can produce nausea, gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea |
|
Definition
| what is the effect of excess vitamin E? |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
1. plants
2. plant oils
3. fish oils
4. animal products |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesized by bacteria in colon (unique) |
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|
Term
serves as a COFACTOR in chemical reactions, enabling proteins to bind calcium
converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin (the clot) |
|
Definition
| what is the role of vitamin K in blood clotting? |
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Term
|
Definition
| this COenzyme (a vitamin) enables the activation of clotting factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin is routinely administered by injection shortly after birth |
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|
Term
1. green leafy vegetables
2. broccoli
3. asparagus
4. peas
5. some meats
6. eggs
7. dairy products
8. intestinal bacteria |
|
Definition
| 8 sources of food of Vitamin K |
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Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin is resistant to cooking losses; deficiencies and toxicities are rare; excesses can be excreted |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what 2 food groups provide the most vitamin K? |
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Term
|
Definition
| antioxidant; prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| deficiency symptom are hemolysis of red blood cells and nerve degenration |
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Term
|
Definition
| the deficiency symptoms are hemorrhage and fractures |
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Term
|
Definition
| combines with inactive enyme to activate the enzyme |
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Term
|
Definition
| this group of vitamins function as coenzymes |
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|
Term
| in 1998: enrichment with folic acid to prevent neural tube defects |
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Definition
| when did the government start requiring food to be enriched? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what was the most recent vitamin added in 1998? |
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Term
|
Definition
| this group of vitamins has high bioavailability |
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Term
|
Definition
| niacin is in food group usually? |
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Term
|
Definition
| vitamin B-6 is usually in which food group? |
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Term
|
Definition
| vitamins B-6, B-12, C, and K, niacin, folate are all in what food group? |
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Term
| thiamin, pantothenic acid, niacin, biotin |
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Definition
| monosaccharides contain what 4 B vitamins? |
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Term
| all B vitamins except B-6 |
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Definition
| fatty acids and glycerol all contain what B vitamins? |
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Term
|
Definition
| marginal deficiencies may occur in older adults due to poor diet and alcoholism in this vitamin |
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|
Term
| enrichment began in 1930s to help prevent deficiencies- initial was thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin and then in 1998 folic acid was added to enrichment |
|
Definition
| when did the government start requiring food to be enriched? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
helps release energy from carbs
important for ATP-producing energy pathways
chemical reactions that make RNA, DNA, neurotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
| the deficiency of this B-vitamin cause Beriberi (I can't, I can't) |
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Term
|
Definition
| alcoholism increases the risk of this B vitamin deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| symptoms of this deficiency: weakness, loss of appetite, irritability, nervous tingling, poor arm and leg coordination, pain in calves |
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|
Term
1. pork
2. whole grains
3. ready-to-eat breakfast cereals
4. enriched grains and flours |
|
Definition
| 4 major sources of thiamin (B-1) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| antioxidant role through support of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE |
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Term
|
Definition
| this B vitamin deficiency has symptoms of inflammation of the mouth and tongue, dermatitis, cheilosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the two food groups with the highest amount of riboflavin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this vitamin has a coenzyme function in over 200 enzymatic reactions |
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|
Term
1. dementia
2. diarrhea
3. dermatitis
(3 D's) |
|
Definition
| what are the three distinct signs of niacin deficiency? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pellagra is a symptom of this B vitamin deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| best sources of niacin are from what food group? |
|
|
Term
| tryptophan synthesizes niacin |
|
Definition
| what is the relationship between tryptophan and niacin? |
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Term
|
Definition
| megadoses of this B vitamin are recommended for treatment of cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this B vitamin was the only dietary deficiency to reach epidemic proportions in US; also seen in chronic alcoholism, poverty, and malnutrition |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the dairy group is an especially rich source of what B vitamin? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcoholics are susceptible to this B vitamin deficiency (decreases synthesis and absorption); symptoms include depression, vomiting, skin disorders, irritation of nerves, anemia, impaired immune response |
|
|
Term
| animal products and fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals |
|
Definition
major source of vitamin B-6
(prydoxin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what food group provides many rich sources of B-6? |
|
|
Term
| unstable- heating and freezing can easily destroy it |
|
Definition
| is vitamin B-6 stable or unstable? |
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|
Term
| can result in IRREVERSIBLE NERVE DAMAGE |
|
Definition
| what are the risks of vitamin B-6 supplements? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this B vitamin is required for synthesis of coenzyme A, allowing for release of energy from carbs, lipids, and protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what two food groups contain most of pantothenic acid (B-5)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestinal bacteria synthesizes some of this B vitamin |
|
|
Term
1. egg yolks
2. peanuts
3. cheese
(protein sources) |
|
Definition
| 3 food sources for biotin (B-7) |
|
|
Term
| in raw egg white, biotin is bound to avidin, which inhibits absorption; cooking denatures avidin |
|
Definition
| why does consumption of raw egg lead to biotin deficiency? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
immature cells cannot divide in early phases of red blood cell synthesis
cannot form new DNA, results in megaloblast |
|
Definition
| why does macrocytic (megaloblastic) anemia occur during folate deficiency? |
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Term
|
Definition
| a defect in the formation of the neural tube occurring during early fetal development |
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Term
|
Definition
| birth defect resulting from improper closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. the spinal cord or fluid may bulge outside the spinal column |
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Term
|
Definition
| birth defect characterized by the absence of some or all of the brain and skull |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this b vitamin deficiency during pregnancy may result in neural tube defects, spina bifida, and anencephaly |
|
|
Term
1. green, leafy vegetables
2. fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, bread, and milk |
|
Definition
| what are the richest sources of folate? |
|
|
Term
400 micrograms
600 micrograms |
|
Definition
| what is the RDA for non-pregnant women and RDA or pregnant women (to accommodate increased rates of cell division and DNA synthesis in mother and fetus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large doses of this b vitamin can mask the signs of vitamin B-12 deficiency |
|
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Term
|
Definition
vitamin B-12 (cobalamin or cyanocobalamin) are only found in foods of animal origin.
True or False? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this b vitamin requires a R-protein from salivary gland and also requires stomach acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein-like compound produced by the stomach that enhances vitamin B-12 absoprtion in the ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is vitamin B-12 stored? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is vitamin B-12 stored? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is vitamin B-12 stored? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the absoprtion of this B-vitamin requires an intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where is Vitamin B-12 absorbed? |
|
|
Term
1. mouth: salivary glands produce R-protein
2. stomach: a. HCL and pepsin release vitamin B-12 bound to protein in food
b. free vitamin B-12 binds with R-protein
c. parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor
3. small intestine: a. trypsin from pancreas release R-protein from vitamin B-12
b. vitamin B-12 links with intrinsic factor
4. ileum: vitamin B-12/intrinsic factor complex is absorbed into blood and binds to transport protein transcobalamin II
5. vitamin B-12 is stored in liver |
|
Definition
| digestion and absorption of vitamin B-12 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| most important function of this b vitamin is for the function of folate metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anemia that results from a lack of vitamin B-12 absorption; it is pernicious because of associated NERVE DEGNERATION that can result in eventual paralysis and death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of this B vitamin can result in pernicious anemia and macrocytic anemia |
|
|
Term
vegan diets
infants breastfed by vegetarian |
|
Definition
| what are two population groups that are at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency? |
|
|
Term
| true; they suffer from an AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE that destroys the stomach cells that produce gastric acid and intrinsic factor (needed for proper absorption) |
|
Definition
| people with pernicious anemia usually do not lack vitamin B-12 in their diets. True False? |
|
|
Term
1. organ meats (liver, kidneys, heart)
2. meat
3. seafood
4. ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, milk, and eggs |
|
Definition
| what are 4 food source for vitamin B-12? |
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|
Term
| fortified soy or rice milk and multivitamin and mineral supplement |
|
Definition
| what sources of foods are vegans suppose to eat to get enough vitamin B-12? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| strengthens structural tissues by increasing cross connections between amino acids |
|
Definition
| how does vitamin C contribute to the formation of collagen? |
|
|
Term
can readily accept and donate electrons
reduce the formation of cancer-causing nitrosamines in the stomach
aids in the reactivation of vitamin E after it has donated an electron to a free radical |
|
Definition
| what are 3 ways that vitamin C functions as an antioxidant? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scurvy occurs due to what vitamin deficiency? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what 2 food groups contains most vitamin C? |
|
|
Term
1. soybeans
2. egg yolks
3. beef
4. cauliflower
5. almonds
6. peanuts |
|
Definition
| what are 6 sources of choline? |
|
|
Term
| thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid |
|
Definition
| grains contain what 4 B vitamins? |
|
|
Term
| vitamins A, K, C, and folate |
|
Definition
| vegetables contain what 4 vitamins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruits contain which 2 vitamins? |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D, riboflavin, Vitamin B-12, Choline |
|
Definition
| dairy provides what 4 vitamins? |
|
|
Term
| thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12, Choline |
|
Definition
| protein provides what 8 vitamins? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
True or False:
other vitamin-like compounds need to be included in the diet of the average healthy adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what two B vitamins have toxicity symptoms? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has toxicity symptoms of hypotension and fishy body odor |
|
|
Term
| a supplement contains one or more of the following ingredients: vitamin, mineral, herb or another botanical, amino acid; a dietary substance to supplement the diet, which could be an extract or a combination of the above four ingredients |
|
Definition
| what is the definition of "Supplement" as defined by the DSHEA? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dietary supplements can be sold without proof that they are safe and effective, true or false? |
|
|
Term
1. choose nationally recognized brand
2. ensure to not exceed UL from supplements and fortified foods
3. Look for U.S. pharmacopeial Convention (USP) seal
4. avoid unnecessary ingredients |
|
Definition
| what are 4 good guidelines for choosing to use a supplement? |
|
|
Term
1. ingredients
2. amount per serving
3. serving size
4. suggested use
5. % DV
structure/function claims are not mandatory elements-- must include FDA warning |
|
Definition
| what are 5 components a supplement label that have to be required? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is needed if there is a structure/function claim? |
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