Term
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Definition
| lipids should comprise what percentage range of an adult's total calorie intake? |
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Term
1. provide energy (9kcal/g)
2. efficient storage of energy (limitless)
3. insulation
4. protection
5. transport fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E,+K
6. some satiety
7. flavor and mouth feel |
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Definition
| what is the function of fat/lipids? |
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Term
| three hydrogens and one carbon connected to the end carbon |
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Definition
| what does the omega end of a fatty acid structure look like? |
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Term
| double bonded to oxygen, one bond to carbon, and one bond to a hydroxide |
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Definition
| what does the alpha end of a fatty acid structure look like? |
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Term
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Definition
| the omega end of a fatty acid structure is in what group while the alpha end is in what group? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| monounsaturated fatty acid |
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Definition
| one double carbon bond (makes fat less stable) |
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Term
| polyunsaturated fatty acid structure |
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Definition
| 2 or more carbon double bonds |
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Term
|
Definition
| solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
liquid form (oil) at room temp.
cis and trans configurations |
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Term
| it takes a lot of energy (heat) to break the bonds and thus change its state (from solid to liquid) |
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Definition
| why is saturated fatty acids stable in a chemical standpoint? |
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Term
|
Definition
| which one--cis or trans; causes the backbone of a molecule to bend? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
immune system function and vision
help form cell membranes
produce EICOSANOIDS, which are involved in practically all important functions in the body |
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Term
1. nuts
2. seeds
3. fish oil
4. flax seed oil
5. canola, walnuts, mussels, crab, shrimp, and soybean oil |
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Definition
| what are 5 sources of omega-3 fatty acids? |
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Term
|
Definition
| source of omega-6 fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| is omega fatty acids saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, or polyunsaturated fats? |
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Term
| DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) |
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Definition
| the two types of acids produced from omega-3 |
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Term
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Definition
| type of acid produced from omega-6 |
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Term
| increases blood clotting and increases inflammatory responses |
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Definition
| effects (2) of archidonic acid (omega-6) |
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|
Term
1. decreases blood clotting
2. reduce heart attack
3. decrease inflammation
4. excess may cause hemorrhagic stroke
5. other possible uses: low triglycerides, rheumatoid arthritis, behavioral disorders |
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Definition
| benefits/effects of DHA, EPA (omega-3) |
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|
Term
1. flaky, itchy skin
2. diarrhea
3. infections
4. retarded growth and wound healing |
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Definition
| 4 signs and symptoms of essential fatty acids deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| most common form of fats and oils |
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Term
| glycerol and 3 fatty acids |
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Definition
| what makes up a triglyceride? |
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Term
| glycerol back bone and 2 fatty acids |
|
Definition
| what makes up a diglyceride? |
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Term
| glycerol and one fatty acid |
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Definition
| what makes up a monoglyceride? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where are phospholipids found in a cell? |
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Term
animal foods (eggs, etc)
ex. cholesterol, vitamin D3, adrenal hormones, sex hormones |
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Definition
| sterol is found in what general food? |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
1. wheat germ
2. peanuts
3. yolks
4. soy beans
5. organ meat |
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Definition
| 5 sources of phospholipids |
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Term
|
Definition
| found only in animal products |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms important HORMONES like estrogen, testosterone, vitamin D |
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Term
| because of more double bonded carbons-- carbon carbon double bonds make them less stable |
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Definition
| why are polyunsaturated fats more susceptible to rancidity? |
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Term
| hydrogenation -- see this on labels as tocopherols or ascorbic acid |
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Definition
| how can we prevent racidity? |
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Term
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Definition
| process used to "solidify" an oil- making it resemble saturated fat--more stable--longer shelf life-- less Carbon double bonds and more Carbon single bonds |
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Term
trans fatty acid
cs forms of a fatty acid is the form that naturally occurs |
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Definition
| when hydrogens are added synthetically, this type of acid occurs |
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Term
1. lard
2. fat in beef, pork, and lamb |
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Definition
| sources of long chain saturated fats |
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|
Term
1. milk fat (butter)
2. coconut oil
3. palm oil
4. palm kernel oil |
|
Definition
| 4 sources of medium and short chain saturated fatty acids |
|
|
Term
1. olive oil
2. canola oil
3. peanut oil |
|
Definition
| 3 sources of monounsaturated fats |
|
|
Term
1. sunflower oil
2. corn oil
3. safflower oil
4. fish oil |
|
Definition
| 4 sources of polyunsaturated fats |
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|
Term
1. beef
2. poultry
3. safflower oil
4. sunflower oil
5. corn oil |
|
Definition
| 5 sources of omega-6 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
1. margarine (squeeze, tub, stick)
2. shortening |
|
Definition
| 2 sources of trans fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the fat-digesting enzyme? |
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Term
|
Definition
| minor role in adults, active in infants to digest the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in milk |
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Term
|
Definition
| only minor digestion of fats that contains an acidic environment and acts of triglycerides containing short and medium chain fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| primary site of fat digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| what hormone stimulates release of PANCREATIC LIPASE (major role in fat digestion) |
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Term
|
Definition
| where is bile acid released from |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this emulsifies digested fat and goes through enterohepatic circulation |
|
|
Term
triglycerides-- monoglycerides and fatty acids
phospholipids-- to glycerol, fatty acids, and remaining parts
sterols-- absorbed |
|
Definition
| how are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols broken down when digested? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many carbons are in short and medium chain fatty acids? |
|
|
Term
| enter the portal system in blood to liver |
|
Definition
| where do short and medium chain fatty acid go after absorption in the small intestine? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many carbons are in long chain fatty acids? |
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Term
| package into chylomicrons and enter lymphatic system |
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Definition
| what happens to long chain fatty acids when digested in the small intestine? |
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Term
| triglycerides, protein, and cholesterol |
|
Definition
| what 3 things form to make chylomicron packages? |
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Term
|
Definition
| is cholesterol broken down further during digestion or just absorbed? |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaks down triglycerides in the chylomicrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| this compound is in the bloodstream containing a core of lipids with shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol; vehicle used for lipid transport |
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|
Term
1. chylomicron- triglyceride
2. VLDL- triglyceride
3. LDL- cholesterol
4. HDL- Protein |
|
Definition
| what are the 4 lipoproteins? |
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Term
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Definition
| carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and, in turn, excretion of it from the body |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 20% to 35% (44 to 78 grams) |
|
Definition
| what is the 2010 dietary guidelines AMDR of at intake? |
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Term
| 20 to 30% of total kcal from fat |
|
Definition
| AHA recommendation of fat intake |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the max amount of cholesterol we should have daily? |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| leading cause of death in America |
|
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Term
|
Definition
death of part of heart muscle
also termed heart attack |
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Term
|
Definition
death of part of brain tissue due typically to a blood clot
also termed a stroke |
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Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol-rich substance deposited in blood vessels and contains WBCs, smooth muscle cells, various proteins, cholesterol, other lipids, and eventually calcium |
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Term
|
Definition
| the build up of what attributes to cardiovascular disease? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is a risk factor for cholesterol levels in the blood? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the risk factor for CVD for hypertension? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is considered low HDL, that would attribute to CVD? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is a risk factor of the minimum of blood triglycerides? |
|
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Term
| heart attack risk calculator |
|
Definition
| what is one method for lower blood lipids? |
|
|
Term
1. see doctor to asses for other conditions
2. reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol
3. increase mono and polyunsaturated fats in diet
4. increase dietary fiber (soluble) |
|
Definition
| what are 4 ways to reduce LDL cholesterol? |
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|
Term
1. avoid overeating
2. limit alcohol
3. limit simple sugars
4. small frequent meals
5. include fish in the diet, 2 X per week |
|
Definition
| what are 5 ways to lower blood triglycerides? |
|
|
Term
1. physical activity-- at least 45 min/day, 4 days a week
2. dont smoke
3. eat regularly
4. eat less total fat
5. moderate intake of alcohol increases HDL |
|
Definition
| what are 5 ways to increase HDL? |
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