Term
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Definition
| puts different molecules together and REQUIRES ENERGY |
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Term
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Definition
| takes molecules apart and RELEASES ENERGY |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| this organelle does fat synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Anaerobic energy production takes place here |
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Term
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Definition
| this organelle is a major site for energy production and also has aerobic energy production |
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Term
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Definition
| when a gene codes for a protein and when it is "expressed" a protein is made |
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Term
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Definition
| when transcription occurs and information from DNA is copied to RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| houses the genetic material DNA |
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Term
endoplasmic reticulum
RER -- protein synthesis |
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Definition
| this organelle is a communication network |
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Term
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Definition
| packaging site for proteins |
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Term
| lysosomes ('suicide sac') |
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Definition
| cell's digestive system- gets rid of old or damaged material |
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Term
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Definition
| detoxifies harmful chemicals |
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Term
| double layers of lipid (phospholipid bilayer) -- water-soluble head face into and out of cell; water-insoluble tales are inside membrane to hold things such as cholesterol (fat is immiscible in wwater) |
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Definition
| describe the structure of the cell membrane |
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Term
contains cholesterol, carbs, and protein
(gives rigidity and stability: cholesterol and proteins) (controls passage of substances: proteins) (distinct identification structure: carbs) (cell-to-cell communication) |
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Definition
| describe the contents in the cell membrane and the functions they provide |
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Term
1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous |
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Definition
| what are the 4 different types of tissues? |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of tissue, the cells line surfaces (inside and outside of body) |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of tissue provides structural integrity |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of tissue contracts to cause movement |
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Term
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Definition
| this type of tissue transports nerve impulses--> communication |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of plasma, RBC's, WBC's, platelets, and other substances |
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Term
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Definition
| takes up excess fluid that collects between cells and return it to the bloodstream. also contains plasma and WBC's, but does not contain RBC's and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| carries nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the intestines and portions of the stomach to the LIVER |
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Term
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Definition
| these nutrients are used in the brain for norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| preferred fuel for the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| these 3 nutrients support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers |
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Term
1. insulin
2. glucagon
3. thyroid hormones
4. epinephrine
5. growth hormone (HGH) |
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Definition
| what are the 5 key hormones in nutrition? |
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Term
|
Definition
| uptake and storage of glucose, fat, and amino acids by cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| release of glucose from liver stores, release of fat form adipose tissue |
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Term
| epinphrine; norepinephrine |
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Definition
| release of glucose and fat into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| promotion of protein synthesis and growth; increases fat use for energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein synthesis; increases body metabolism |
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Term
| nonspecific, innate immunity |
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Definition
| defenses stop invasion of pathogens, requires no previous encounter with pathogen |
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Term
| specific, adaptive immunity |
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Definition
| function of white blood cells directed at specific antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| blood protein binds foreign proteins found in body; also called immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance induces state of sensitivity and/or resistance to microorganisms and toxic substances after a lag period; foreign substance stimulates a specific aspect of the immune system |
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Term
1. skin
2. mucosal membranes and phagocytes
3. cell-mediated immunity; immunoglobulins; lysozyme |
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Definition
| what are the levels of protection with the immune system? |
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Term
| damaged mucosal membrane and impaired absorption of nutrients; leaves us vulnerable for infection |
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Definition
| what would be the result of unhealthy mucosal membrane due to nutrient deficiencies? |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which large ingested molecules are MECHANICALLY AND CHEMICALLY BROKEN DOWN TO PRODUCE BASIC NUTRIENTS that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| starch-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| fat-digesting enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| a thick fluid secreted by many cells throughout the body including stomach; contains compounds that has both carbs and protein parts; acts as lubricant and means of protection for cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| tube in GI tract that connects pharynx with stomach |
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Term
|
Definition
| organ of digestive tract and respiratory tract at back of oral and nasal cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
| flap that folds down over trachea during swallowing |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixed with saliva, food mass swalled form oral cavity into pharynx |
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Term
|
Definition
| coordinated muscular contracts to propel food down gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
| lower esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| circular muscle constricts opening of esophagus to stomach; also called the gastroesophageal sphincter or the cardiac sphincter |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of stomach secretions partially digested food |
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Term
|
Definition
| ring of smooth muscle between stomach and small intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| allow regulated flow of contents into and out of an area |
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Term
| mixes and mechanically digests-- very LITTLE ABSORPTION of nutrients occurs in stomach, except for some water and alcohol |
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Definition
| does any digestion and/or absorption occur in the stomach? If so, of what nutrients and to what degree does it occur? |
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Term
|
Definition
| this is meant to protect the stomach from acid |
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Term
| to help break down the food |
|
Definition
| what is the purpose of such a low pH? (High acidity) |
|
|
Term
| you may neutralize your stomach acid and get ulcers |
|
Definition
| what happens when we take antacids on a regular basis? |
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Term
|
Definition
| most digestion and absorption occurs here |
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Term
|
Definition
| fingerlike protrusions into small intestie that partcipate in digestion and absorption of food |
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Term
|
Definition
| extensive folds on the muscosal surface of the absorptive cells |
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Term
| absorptive cells (enterocytes) |
|
Definition
| intestinal cells that line the villi and participate in nutrient absorption |
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Term
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 parts of the small intestine? |
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Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of nutrients across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (requires no energy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| carrier protein is needed to move a nutrient across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (requires no energy) |
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Term
|
Definition
| requires carrier protein and uses energy to move nutrient against a concentration gradient (lower concentration to higher) |
|
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Term
| phagocytosis and pinocytosis |
|
Definition
| active absorption where a cell membrane engulfs particles (phagocytosis) or fluids (pinocytosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins, and some fatty acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| the digestion takes place here (no digestive enzymes or villi) |
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Term
|
Definition
| microorganisms reside in large intestine and provide health benefits; intended to colonize large intestine with specific bacteria in product |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| substances increase growth of probiotic microorganisms |
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Term
| alcohol (20% of total) and water (minor amount) |
|
Definition
| what two nutrients are absorbed in the stomach? |
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Term
|
Definition
| calcium, magnesium, iron, and other minerals; glucose; amino acids; fats; vitamins; water (70%-90%); alcohol (80%); and bile acids are all absorbed here |
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Term
| sodium; potassium; some fatty acids; gases; and water (10% to 30%) are absorbed here |
|
Definition
| what 5 things are absorbed in the large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| manufactures insulin and glucagon; produces "pancreatic juice", mixture of water, bicarbonate (to increase pH), and variety of digestive enzymes |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores bile and secretes it |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enterohepatic circulation |
|
Definition
| continual recycling of compounds like bile acids between small intestine and liver |
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|
Term
| mouth and salivary glands |
|
Definition
| chew food perceive taste, moisten food with saliva, lubricates food with mucus, release small amount of starch-digesting (amylase) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes; initiate swallowing reflex |
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Term
|
Definition
| lubricates with mucus, moves food to stomach by peristatic waves |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| stores, mixes, dissolves, and continues digestion of food; dissolves food particles with secretions; kills microorganisms with acid; release of protein-digesting (pepsin) and fat-digesting (lipase) enzymes; lubricate and protects stomach surface with mucus; regulates emptying of dissolved food into small intestine; induces intrinsic factor for vitamin B-12 absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces bile to aid fat digestion absorption |
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Term
|
Definition
| secretes sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbs (amylase), fat (lipase), and protein (trypsin and chymotrypsin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixes and propels contents; lubricates with mucus; digests and absorbs most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestinal cells(lactase, surcrose, maltase, and peeptidases) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| mixes and propels contents; absorbs sodium, potassium, and water; houses bacteria; lubricate with mucus; synthesizes some vitamins and short chain fatty acids; forms feces |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds feces and expels via the anus, which is the opening o the outside of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| interactions between nutrition and genetics; includes nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics |
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Term
|
Definition
| effects of genes on nutritional health, such as variations in nutrient requirements and responsiveness to dietary modifications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food impacts health through its interaction with our genes and its subsequent effect on gene expression |
|
|
Term
1. ignoring normal urges
2. muscle spasms
3. certain medications |
|
Definition
| what are 3 causes of constipation? |
|
|
Term
1. dietary fiber
2. fluids
3. regular physical activity |
|
Definition
| what are 3 treatments for constipation? |
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