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| Changes in physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development from the ages of conception to adolescence |
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| growth and change in a persons body and bodily functions |
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| development of mental processes used to process information, grown awareness, solve problems, and gain knowledge |
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| social/emotional development |
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| development of processes related to interactions with other people |
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| physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development |
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Definition
| twin studies, adoptive studies, genetics vs. environment |
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| Continuous vs Discontinuous |
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Definition
Continuity- gradual development (talking)
discontinuity- stages (walking)stages organize information in a meaningful way but gloss over individual differences |
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critical- specific time, greatest impact on development
sensitive- specific time, optimal development |
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| how you think/feel vs. research/test a theory |
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| early philosophical roots |
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*John Locke- kids=blank slate
*Rousseau- kids=pure/perfect
*Kids differ from adults |
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| application of scientific method |
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Definition
| G. Stanley Hall- first person to apply scientific process to kids |
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Term
| Transactional Development |
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Definition
| complex interplay between individuals and their environment |
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Term
| Biology Based Theory- Neurodevelopmental |
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Definition
*Interaction effects brain development
*Brain development effects character |
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| Biology Based- Ethological |
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Definition
| Bolbie's attachment theory- attachment to caregiver despite quality |
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Term
| Biology Based- Evolutionary |
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Definition
*Darwin
*Survival of the fittest
*Language evolves to survive |
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| Learning Based- Social Learning Theory |
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Definition
*Individuals are greatly influenced by other people
*Albert Bendura
*4 Processes
-attention
-retention
-motor reproduction
-reinforcement
*watching influences learning |
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| Learning Based- operant conditioning |
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Definition
*B.S. Skinner
*Consequences of behavior effects behavior being repeated |
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| Learning Based- Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
*Pavlov
*Condition/unconditioned stimulus with unconditioned/conditioned response
-Baby crying when seeing a shot
*John Watson
-explained fear development with de-conditioning |
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| Cognition Based- Information Processing Theory |
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Definition
*Different capacities and abilities for learning different things
*Brain adapts
*Info processed in different steps
-sensory memory
-short term memory
-long term memory |
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| Cognition Based- Socio-cultural theory |
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Definition
*Vygotsky
*Psychological tools like language numbering systems and maps to develop higher levels of thinking
*Language=important
-interdialouge to solve problems |
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| Cognition Based- Cognitive Developmental Theory |
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Definition
*Piaget
*Different ages=different thought processes
*Four Non-developmental Stages of Development |
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| Psychoanalytic- psychosocial |
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Definition
*Erikson
*Epigenetic Priciple- everything develops to a preset genetic plan
development of identity- external development of the ego |
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| Psychoanalytic- psycho-sexual |
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Definition
*Freud
*Libido- response of action/sexual desire
*ID- Gratification right away
*Ego- Source of reason
*Super Ego- Conscious of moral standards |
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| Contextual- ecological theory |
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Definition
*Influenced from immediate social and physical environment
*Micro system- immediate environment
*Meso system- connections that include child and how connections influence them
*Exo system- links that don't include child and how they influence development
*Macro system- social values/attitudes |
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| Contextual- dynamic system theory |
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Definition
*changes occur because things get out of balance and the child works to get things back to normal
*Physical, cognitive, emotional/social
*branch out |
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*Mapping the genome to examine how genes code development
*Genes= region of DNA
*Complete DNA- Genome
*Genome= 30,000 Genes |
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Term
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Definition
Tightly Coiled DNA
23 Pairs in each cell nucleus (except in sperm/eggs)
Autosomes= 1-22
Sex Chromosomes= 23 (Female-XX, Male-XY) |
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Term
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Definition
Having an extra X or Y
Missing an X |
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*extra 23 chromosome
*Older the mom, greater the chance |
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| Conception to implantation |
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Definition
Implantation to 8 weeks
95% of major body structures
most critical stage
most environmental damage can happen |
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Definition
8 weeks to birth
can detect heartbeat
7 months= age of viability
37 weeks=full term |
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| methods of prenatal monitoring |
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Definition
ultrasound
chronic villus sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis
AFP (blood test) |
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Definition
*Smoking
Low Birth Weight
Increase still birth
sids
*Disease
*Illicit Drugs
physical deformities
born addicted
*Meth
Asocial
no bonding
24 hours of crying
tremors |
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Term
| Gene Environment Interaction |
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Definition
| Genetic sensitivity to particular environmental factors |
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| Teratogens and their effects |
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Definition
Prescription drugs/ other substances
-physical malformation
-behavioral/cognitive deficits |
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Definition
| physical deformities and intellectual deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| The number in spacing of children a woman bares |
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