Term
| Give five functional activities of the bony vertebral column. |
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Definition
- posture
- protective of CNS
- supports the rib, skull & L.L.
- muscle attachment
- locomotion
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Term
| Describe the unique structural characteristics of each of the five vertibral segments. |
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Definition
Cervical - transverse foramina & bifid spinous process
Thoracic - costal facets & spine-like spinous processes
Lumbar - massive vertebral body & short spinous processes
Sacral - anterior intervertebral foramina, posterior intervertebral foramina, massive alae or superior 'wings', & fused vertebrae
Coccygeals - vestigial in humans
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Term
| Describe the general articulations between adjacent vertebra. |
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Definition
Adjacent vertibral bodies have intervertibral discs (cartilagimus articulations) between them. Superior and inferior articulating processes have synovial fluid between them so they can glide (zygapophyseal). |
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Term
| Desribe the unique articulations of C1-skull & C1-C2. |
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Definition
C1-skull - occipital condyles, synovial, biaxiel (yes joint)
C1-C2 - synovial, uniaxiel, rotation (no joint) |
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Term
| Desribe the curves of the vertibral column & associated pathologies. |
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Definition
Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine
Lordosis - exagerated lumbar curve
Kiphosis - exagerated thorasic curve
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Term
| Give five ligaments of the vertebral column, their positions, and functions. |
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Definition
Anterior Longitudinal Lig. - sacral → skull, wide and broad, limits extention
Posterior Longitudinal Lig. - sacral → skull, narrow, in vertibral cannal anterior to spinal cord, limits flexion
Ligamenta Flava - conects adjacent lamina, completes roof of vertibral cannal, limits lateral flexion
Interspinous Lig. - between spines, tie column together
Supraspinous Lig. - continuous between spines, limits flexion |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what is meant by a "herniated disc." |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between extrinsic & intrinsic back muscles? |
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Definition
Extrinsic - control the U.L.
Intrinsic - control the vertibral column |
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Term
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Definition
A: S.P. of upper thoracic vertebrae and ligamentum nuchae
B: T.P. of cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of skull
INN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action: Together, extension of cervical vertebral column. Individually, lateral flexion and rotation. |
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Term
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Definition
A: Iliac creast, sacrum, S.P. of lower lumbar vertebrae
B: Iliocostalis, most lateral, rib to rib and lower cervical T.P. Longissimus, intermediate, T.P to T.P., sacrum to skull. Spinalis, most medial, S.P. to S.P. from L2 to T2
INN: Dorsal rami of spianl nerves
Action: Together, extension of vertebral column. Individually, lateral flexion. |
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Term
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Definition
A: T.P.
B: S.P.
INN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Action: Extension and rotation of vertebral column. |
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Term
| Describe the functions of the spinal cord. |
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Definition
- sensory processor - relay nucleus (thalamus)
- motor outflow - input from neurons in cerebrum/brainstem
- reflexes - independent of brain
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Term
| Describe the cells and their functions of the grey matter. |
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Definition
Grey matter is neuronal cell bodies. The dorsal horn contains interneurons and the ventral horn contains motor neurons. Lateral grey contains cell bodies of the ANS. |
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Term
| Describe the cell processes, their functions and destinations of the white matter. |
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Definition
White matter is neuronal cell processes. Long ascending tracts send sensory information to the thalamus. Long desending tracts are upper motor neurons synapsing with lower motor neurons. Short propriospinals are interneurons connecting cord sides and levels. |
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Term
| Give the components of a reflex arc. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the location and contents of the subarachnoid space. |
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Definition
Located between L2 - S2, the sub arachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid. |
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Term
| Describe the enlargements of the spinal cord, and their function. |
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Definition
There are 2 enlarged areas of the spinal core. One is at the cervical level because of the U.L. and one is at the lumbar level because of the L.L. |
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Term
| Describe the 3 meningeal layers, thier function and relationship to each other. |
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Definition
Pia Mater - vascular layer, closest to the spinal cord
Arachnoid Mater - suspends cord
Dura Mater - attached to vertibrae, tough & thick |
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Term
| Describe the terminal end of the spinal cord, and how it got that way. |
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Definition
| The terminal end of the spinal cord consists of a large subarachnoid space and a strand of pia mater (filum terminale). This occurs because the meningeal layers continue to grow with the vertibrae and the spinal cord grows at a slower rate. |
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Term
| Describe the "lumbar cistern" and its clinical significance. |
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Definition
| The lumbar cistern occurs after the conus medularis and it is a large subarachnoid space and cauda equina. It has a clinical significance because doctors are able to perform a spinal tap safely in this area. |
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Term
| Desribe the relationship of spinal nerves to the bony vertebral column. |
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Definition
Rule of one's.
Bony C1 - Spinal C1
Bony T1 - Spinal T1
Bony T11 - Spinal L1
Bony L1 - Spinal S1 |
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Term
| Describe the functions and composition of the denticulate ligaments and filum terminale. |
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Definition
| Both are pia mater. The filum terminale anchors the cord inferiorly and the denticulate ligaments anchor the cord laterally. |
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Term
| Give an example of a lower motor neuron injury. |
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Definition
| Injury to the brainstem or spinal cord resulting in flaccid paralysis. |
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Term
| Describe the symptoms of a lower motor neuron injury. |
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Definition
| The symptoms of a lower motor neuron injury are flaccid paralysis where none of the area's below the injury have any type of movement. |
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Term
| Describe the symptoms of an upper motor neuron injury. |
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Definition
An upper motor neuron injury causes spastic paralysis.
hyperreflexia - overactive reflexes
hypertonicity - increased muscle tension |
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Term
| Describe the arterial supply to the anterior and posterior thoracic wall. |
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Definition
subclavian → internal thoracic → anterior intercostal
aorta → posterior intercostal |
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Term
| Describe the venous drainage of the thoracic wall. |
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Definition
anterior intercostal → internal thoracic → subclavian
posterior intercostal → azygous → superior vena cava |
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Term
| Describe the bony and muscular anatomy of the thoracic cage. |
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Definition
muscles - external intercostal, internal intercostal, diaphragm
bones - ribs, sternum |
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Term
| What direction does the thoracic cavity expand? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscles/bones are involved in these volume changes? |
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Definition
| Diaphragm contracts and flattens out creating more space in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscles lift ribs to create more room in thoracic cavity. |
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Term
| What changes in intrapulmonary volumn/pressure occur during inspiration/expiration? |
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Definition
inspiration - volume increases and pressure decreases
expiration - volume decreases and pressure increases |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of the respiratory diaphragm, its attachments and innervation. |
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Definition
Anatomy - domed at rest, flattens when contracted
A: xiphoid process, last six ribs & costal cartilages, upper three lumbar vertebrae
B: central tendon of diaphragm
Inn - C4, C5, C6 - Phrenic Nerves |
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Term
| Give six structures that pass through the diaphragm. |
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Definition
- desending aorta
- esophagus
- inferior vena cava
- azygous vein
- greater splanchnic nerve
- internal thorasic a & v → uperior epigastric
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Term
| Give the three divisions of the thorax and their contents. |
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Definition
Mediastinum - heart, aorta, azygous veins, trachea, esophagus, vagus nerves, sympathetic nerve trunks
Two Pleuras - lungs |
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Term
| Describe the serous lining of the thorax and lungs. |
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Definition
Creates surface tension between the two pleural layers so that the parietal pleura pulls the visceral pleura which pulls the lungs. |
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Term
| Describe the divisions of the airway from the mouth/nasal cavities to lungs. |
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Definition
| nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → 1° Bronchi → Lobar Bronchi (2° Bronchi) → Segmented Bronchi (3° Bronchi) → Bronchioles → Aveoli |
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Term
| Describe the three layers of pericardium around the heart. |
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Definition
Viseral & Parietal - serious membrane
Fibrous - anchors to sternum/diaphram |
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Term
| Trace bloodflow through the heart. |
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Definition
| subclavian vein → brachiocephalic vein → superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → asending aorta → aortic arch (brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian a. & right common carotid a.) → desending aorta |
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Term
| Give the great vessels of the heart, (arteries/veins), their origins and destinations. |
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Definition
- aorta - left ventricle → common iliac artery
- pulmonary trunk - right ventricle → lungs
- pulmonary veins - lungs → left atrium
- sup. vena cava - u.l./head → right atrium
- inf. vena cava - common iliac vein → right atrium
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Term
| Describe the atrioventricular valves (left & right) and their asociated structures. |
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Definition
- right av valve - 3 cusps
- left av valve - 2 cusps
chordae tendineae & papillary muscles
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Term
| Describe the aortic and semilunar valves and the vessels they regulate. |
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Definition
Three pouches allow one way flow. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the aortic sinus? |
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Definition
| Get blood to the coronary arteries. |
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Term
| Describe the two coronary arteries, their branches and areas of responsibility. |
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Definition
Right coronary artery - marginal (goes to the apex of heart) & post. interventricular (between ventricles on post. side)
Left coronary artery - curcuflex (wraps around left atrium) & ant. interventricular (between ventricles on ant. side)
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Term
| Describe the venous drainage of the heart. |
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Definition
The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium.
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Term
| What vessels empty into the coronary sinus and where does it empty? |
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Definition
great cardiac vein - runs with ant. interventricular artery & circumflex
middle cardiac vein - runs with post interventricular artery
both empty into coronary sinus |
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Term
| Describe atherosclerosis, ischemia and angina pectoris. |
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Definition
atherosclerosis - fatty material buildup causes artery walls to thicken
ischemia - restriction in blood supply
angina pectoris - severe chest pain due to ischemia |
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Term
| Define fetal circulation from the placenta and back to the placenta. |
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Definition
| placenta → umbilical vein → ductus venosus → inf vena cava → right atrium → foramea ovale → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → head/brain → sup. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → ductus arteriosus → desending aorta → common iliac artery → internal iliac artery → umbilical artery → placenta |
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Term
| Describe the interatrial and pulmonary fetal shunts. |
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Definition
Foramea Ovale - right atrium → left atrium
Ductus Arteriosus - right ventricle → desending aorta |
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Term
| Describe the adult remnants of the two fetal shunts. |
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Definition
Fossa ovalis & Ligamentum arteriosum |
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Term
| Define the boundaries of the abdominal wall muscles. |
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Definition
- superior - last 6 ribs, xiphoid process, T10
- inferior - iliac crest, L5, pubic symphysis
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Term
| Give five functions of the abdominal wall muscles. |
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Definition
- trunk movement
- stabalize ribs - u.l. movement
- respiration
- protection of abdominal viscera
- posture
- increase interabdominal pressure
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Term
| Describe the rectus sheath. |
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Definition
| Surrounds the rectus abdominus. Aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverses abdominus are also rectus sheath. |
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Term
| Describe the nerve supply to the GI system. |
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Definition
Autonomic Nervous Sysytem:
Sympathetic - constricts blood
Parasympathetic - vagus - X cranial nerve |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy and function of the organs of the GI system. |
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Definition
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver - detoxifier, glucose → glycogen (storage), stores minerals & vitamins, produces bile
Gallbladder - stores & concentrates bile
Pancreas - Endocrine: produces insulin, Exocrine: digestive enzymes
Spleen - immune organ, produces WBC, breaksdown & stores RBC
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum - veriform apendix
Colon - asending, transverse, desending, sigmoid
Rectum - anal canal
Anus
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Term
| Describe the functions of the liver, pancreas and gall bladder. |
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Definition
Liver - detoxifier, converts glucose to glycogen, stores glycogen, minerals, and vitamins, produces bile
Pancreas:
Endocrine - produces insulin
Exocrine - digestive enzymes
Gall bladder - stores and concentrates bile |
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Term
| Trace the flow of bile from the liver to the gall bladder to the duodenum. |
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Definition
| liver → common hypatic duct → cystic duct → gall bladder (concentrated) → cystic duct → bile duct → duodenum |
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Term
| Describe the large intestines as to its five parts and functions. |
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Definition
cecum - veriform apendix (lymph fxn?)
colon - absorbs vitamins, compacts fecal matter
- asending colon
- desending colon
- transverse colon
- sigmoin colon
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Term
| Describe the peritoneum and its relationship to the abdominal wall and viscera. |
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Definition
| Serous membrane that suspends GI from post. body & neurovascular route. |
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Term
| What is mesentery and omentum and what are their functions? |
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Definition
mesentary - canals allowing bloodflow and nerves to reach the GI systems
omentum - double layer of peritoneum
- great omentum - stomach → transverse colon
- lesser omentum - small curvature of stomach
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Term
| Give the three unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta and their areas of responsibility. |
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Definition
celiac trunk:
- left gastric - stomach, esophagus
- spenic - spleen, pancreas, stomach
- common hepatic - liver, stomach, deodenum, gall bladder, pancreas
superior mesentary - deodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, asending colon, ½ transverse colon
inferior mensentary - ½ transverse colon, desending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
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Term
| Give the three paired arteries of the abdominal aorta and their areas of responsibility. |
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Definition
gonadal - testes/overies
renal arteries - kidneys
lunbar arteries - post. abdominal wall |
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Term
| Describe the differences between the systemic and portal blood systems. |
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Definition
| Portal blood system has no valves and it goes to the liver first to be detoxified. |
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Term
| Describe portal-system venous anastomoses and their clinical significance. |
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Definition
esophogeal vein has anastomoses with left gastric vein
inf./middle renal vein has anastomoses with sup. renal vein
If portal vein system cannot empty into the liver it will flow backwards and go to the inferior vena cava to get back to the heart. |
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Term
| Describe the urinary tract in the male from kidney to exterior. |
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Definition
| kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra |
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Term
| Trace the pathway of sperm from testes to exterior. |
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Definition
| testes → epididymus → ductus deferens → prostate (sminal vesicles) → ejaculatory ducts → urethra (bulbourethral glands) |
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Term
| Describe the location and function of the testes, epididymus, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate, bulbourethral glands. |
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Definition
testes - primary sex gland (endocrine - testosterone:exocrine - sperm)
epididymus - sperm matures here
ductus deferens - duct for sperm to travel from testes
seminal vesicles - seminal fluid
ejaculatory duct - sperm meet sminal fluid
prostate - alkaline fluid (helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract)
bulbourethral glands - lubricates urethra for sperm to pass through
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Term
| Describe the structure of the penis. |
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Definition
Corpora Cavernosa - attach to pubic bone
Corpus Spongiosum - houses urethra |
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Term
| Describe the function of the spermatic cord. |
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Definition
| Holds the testicular arteries & veins, ductus deferens, testicular nerves, lymphatics, and layers of the abdominal wall. |
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Term
| Describe the "descent" of the testes include the gubernaculum, inguinal canal and abdominal muscles. |
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Definition
| The gubernaculum drags the testes down through the inguinal canal pulling the internal oblique's with it. |
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Term
| Describe the urinary tract in the female from the kidney to exterior. |
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Definition
| kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra |
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Term
| Trace the path of ova from the ovary to the uterus. |
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Definition
| ovary → uterine tube → uterus |
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Term
| Describe the location and the function of the ovaries, uterine tube, uterus and vagina. |
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Definition
ovaries - produce the genetic copy of the owner (egg or ovum)
uterine tube - transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus & provede the usual sight of fertilization
uterus - provides a nurturing home for the developing embryo
vagina - route for the fetus to emerge & organ of sexual interaction |
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Term
| Describe the position of the uterus relative to the vagina. |
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Definition
| The uterus is superior to the vagina. |
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Term
| What are the vaginal fornices? |
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Definition
| Arches created by the uterus projecting into the vaginal canal. |
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Term
| Describe the fetal gubernaculum and its adult remnants. |
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Definition
gubernaculum - attached to the anterior abdominal wall, eventually becomes attached to the uterus
ovarian ligament - adult remnant, runs from ovary to uterus |
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Term
| Describe the relationship of the uterus and ovary to the peritoneum. |
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Definition
| The uterus and ovary are completely surrounded by peritoneum as if a sheet were draped over the top of them. |
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Term
| What is the broad ligament? |
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Definition
| The double layers of peritoneum hanging from the uterine tubes. |
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Term
| What is the vestibule of the vagina? |
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Definition
| Where the urethral opening and the vaginal opening open. |
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Term
| Describe the labia majora and labia minora and their relationship to each other. |
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Definition
| Circumscribe the openings urethra and the vagina. They also encase the female organ of sexual excitement (clitoris). |
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Term
| Describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall muscles. |
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Definition
ant. - terminal end of internal thoracic arter (superior epigastric) & ascending inferior epigastric artery (from the external iliac artery
post. - four pairs of lumbar arteries arising from the descending aorta |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of the clitoris. |
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Definition
| Encased by the labia mojora & labia minora. |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in reference to their respective: target organ, type of control, neural pathway, and action on target organ. |
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Definition
somatic - skeletal muscle, voluntary, motor/sensory/reflex
autonomic - cardiac muscle/smooth muscle/glandular tissue, involuntary, motor system |
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Term
| Contrast the anatomical differences of the sympathetic vs. the parasympathetic nervous systems with reference to their origin in the CNS; characteristic peripheral projections and location of ganglia. |
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Definition
sympathetic - T1 to L2, paravertibral ganglion
parashympathetic - brainstem/S2 & S3, preaortic ganglia |
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Term
| Contrast the general effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; use the effect on heart function as an example. |
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Definition
sympathetic - fight or flight, increase heart rate
parasympathetic - rest/relax/digest, decrease heart rate |
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