Term
| Social Construction of Reality |
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Definition
| places are given different meaning by different groups for different purposes, what one interprets from the landscape |
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Term
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Definition
| socially constructed based on feelings, tastes, and opinions; places exist and are constructed by their inhabitants and this meaning becomes the central identity of such a place |
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Definition
| sense people make of themselves through their subjective feelings based on experience |
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Term
| Interdependence of Places |
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Definition
| filling specialized roles in complex and ever changing environments |
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Term
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Definition
| physical attributes of its location; soil, vegetation, water sources, climate, topography |
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Definition
| location of a place to other places, human activities, accessibility to route ways, or nearness to population centers |
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Definition
| psychological representations of locations springing from people’s individual ideas, impressions of these locations |
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Definition
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Definition
| expressed in terms of time, effort, and cost |
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Definition
| distance that people perceive to exist in a given situation (close to topological space) |
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Definition
| rate at which a particular activity or phenomenon diminishes with increasing distance |
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Definition
| connections between or connectivity of particular points in place |
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Definition
| measured and defined in terms of people's values, feelings, beliefs, and perceptions about locations, directions, and regions |
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Definition
| landscapes people create everyday in the course of their lives together |
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Definition
| represents values and aspirations that builders and financiers want to impart to others |
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Definition
| humans possess a feeling of being part of a place, people show perceptual preferences |
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Term
| Regional Studies Approach (Cultural Landscapes Approach) |
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Definition
| each region has its own distinctive landscape that results from unique combination of social relationship and physical processes; people’s activity and environment give a region uniqueness; some regions might combine the features of other, geographers try to make sense of it |
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Term
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Definition
| area in which every one shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| nodal region, area organized around a node or focal point, such as a communication or transportation center |
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Definition
| a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, informal sense of place rather than a scientific model |
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Definition
| Body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinctive tradition of a group of people |
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Definition
| System of signs, marks, sounds, and gestures understood in a cultural group |
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Definition
| attitudes, beliefs, practices through which people worship in a formal and organized way |
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Definition
| a group’s language, tradition, and other cultural values |
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Term
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Definition
| United States, Europe, Japan |
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Definition
| Subsaharan Africa, Middle East, some East Asia, South Asia, South East Asia, Latin America |
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Term
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Definition
| geographical study of human and environment interactions, distinctive cultural groups modify natural environment in distinctive ways to produce unique regions |
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Term
| Environmental Determinism |
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Definition
| physical environment caused social development, human actions are scientifically caused by environmental conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment, can choose course of action from many alternatives in the physical environment |
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Definition
| Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, restoring the historic flow of water through South Fl while improving flood control and water quality (1994) |
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Term
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Definition
| economic activity in one region influenced by interaction with decision makers located elsewhere, led primarily by transnational corporations |
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Term
| Transnational Corporation |
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Definition
| conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principle shareholders are located |
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Term
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Definition
| increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform “global” landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in time it takes to travel between places, rapid connections have reduced distance across space between places in terms of communication |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a characteristic spreads across from one place to another over time |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another (culture) - permanently |
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Term
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Definition
| mountains, oceans, politics |
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Definition
| commitment to examining and understanding cultural traditions, races, and ethnicities |
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Term
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Definition
| first areas of agricultural revolution, where it diffuses outward from |
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Term
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Definition
| society with single cultural base and reciprocal social economy, meaning that each individual specializes in particular tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| system of cultivation in which plants are harvested close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited, with the burned stubble providing fertilizer for the soil |
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Term
| Carl Sauer's writings on agricultural dispersion |
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Definition
| agricultural breakthroughs could only take place in certain geographical settings where natural food supplies were plentiful, terrain diversified, where soils rich and easy to till, where there was no need for large scale irrigation and drainage |
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Term
| Agricultural Hearth Areas |
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Definition
Middle East (Fertile crescent, Dead Sea Valley,
Anatolian Plateaus), South Asia (Ganges-Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy), China
(Huang He), Americas (southwest US, southern Mexico, Panama, Andes) |
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Term
| Implication for transition to food-producing minisystems |
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Definition
| 1) allowed higher population densities and encouraged proliferation of settled villages, 2) brought about change in social organization (from loose communal systems to those more highly organized on basis of kinship), 3) allowed specialization of nonagricultural crafts (pottery, woven textiles, jewelry, and weaponry), 4) beginnings of barter and trade between communities, sometimes over great distances |
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Term
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Definition
| interdependent system of countries linked by political and economic competition, founded on independence |
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Term
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Definition
| group of minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining fundamental cultural differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Egypt, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, Chine |
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Term
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Definition
| towns and cities become centers of administration |
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Term
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Definition
| physical settlement of new territory of people from colonizing state |
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Term
| Law of Diminishing Returns |
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Definition
| : tendency for productivity to decline after a certain point with continued addition of capital and or labor to a given resource base |
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Term
| Legacies of Roman Settlements |
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Definition
| most Western European cities of importance had origins as Roman settlements, aqueducts, roads, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| China, India, Middle East, Central America, Andean region |
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Term
| Ancient Greeks and study of geography |
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Definition
| developed idea that places embody fundamental relationships between places and between people and nature for politics, business, and trade |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote 17-volume series Geography that described places, chorology or regional approach to geography |
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Term
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Definition
| developing a comprehensive view of the world, First to come up with Latitudes and Longitudes (advanced map making) |
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Term
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Definition
| regional approach to geography |
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Term
| Inland development (town and hinterland) |
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Definition
| a town or a city is its sphere of economic influence and goods coming from the hinterland |
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Term
| Later Important world empires |
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Definition
| Southeast Asia, Muslim city-states of coastal North America, grasslands of West Africa, around gold and copper mines of East Africa, in feudal kingdoms and merchant towns of Europe |
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Term
| Mapmaking developed by Chinese and Islamic scholars (500 AD-1500)8 |
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Definition
| Chinese maps of world from same period were more accurate than those of European cartographers because Chinese were able to draw on info brought back by Imperial China’s admirals (Pacific, Indian Oceans) |
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Term
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Definition
| Italy, England, Baltic, Nile Valley, India, Java, Southeast coastal China |
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Term
| Beginning of Mecca pilgrimages and its influence on the increasing geographic knowledge of Arab world |
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Definition
| obligation to get to Mecca (hajj), increases the knowledge of the land and travel, spread out knowledge, need for travel guides, put people from the Arab world in touch with people from all over the world |
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Term
| Silk Road and ancient cities: Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva |
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Definition
| important cities because commerce that went from the far east from China to Europe (main route), silk and porcelain, cities were places of glory and wealth, became meeting place for knowledge, philosophy, religion, and known for producing scholars |
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Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| establishes school of navigation and cartography, funds much exploration |
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Term
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Definition
| reaches cap of Good Hope, tip of Southern Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| from Genoa sails to San Salvador and Hispaniola |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crosses from Portugal to Brazil |
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Term
| Old World and New World interactions |
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Definition
| conquest wiped out a lot of indigenous because of destruction and disease, Old World in competition while new crops like corn and potatoes from New World, radically affect Old World, Columbian exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| from flat to spherical, during Renaissance figured out map techniques, representing the surface of a sphere or other shape |
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Term
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Definition
| advances in map making, commissioned Nicholas Sanson to produce set of accurate maps of French territory |
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Term
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Definition
| large landholding specializing in a particular crop |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to create goods that were previously imported |
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Term
| European global takeover of trade and colonization |
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Definition
| involves establishment and maintenance of political, legal domination by a state over a separate society, tried to push out whoever was there, Indian Ocean Indian traders, Europeans took over territory, displaced local traders, taken over most of former Muslim shipping trade in Indian Ocean, and oceangoing trade with Asia, selling Japanese copper to China and India, Persian carpets to India, Indian cotton to Japan, and so on—so the Europeans had occupied parts of Mediterranean North Africa, central and South America, East Indies, Indian ports, Caribbean Islands, North American lands |
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Term
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Definition
| able to exploit periphery regions but still themselves exploited and dominated by core regions |
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Term
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Definition
| Kant separation of disciplines, distinguishes between specific fields of knowledge represented by disciplines like physics, biology, history, and geography |
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Term
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Definition
| figured the connections between the people and the land and early environmental determinism, analyzing data for the spatial relationship between plants, animals, and land, people must adapt to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| founder of regional geography, integrative science able to reveal differences between people and nature |
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Term
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Definition
| worked off of Darwin’s idea of competition and species adapting to environmental conditions and competition for living space, natural scientists had made more progress in formulating general laws than had social scientists |
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Term
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Definition
| people can adjust to the environment and act according to cultural values that may not be rooted in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| argued that climate was a major determinant of civilization |
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Term
| Foundations of geographic societies, geographic knowledge as a colonist tool |
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Definition
| in the case of European colonialist helped with commerce trade and domination, geography became an important tool and was shaped in a European light |
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Term
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Definition
| Europeans are superior, attitudes that ones own race and culture is superior to anothers |
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Term
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Definition
| assumption that world is, and should be, shaped by men for men |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "Core within a core" "Golden Triangle" |
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons for US to move from periphery to core |
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Definition
| because of natural resources and lack of competition, vast resources of land, minerals, little competition for power in continent, population growing quickly with immigrants, close connections with Europe because of cultural and trading links |
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Term
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Definition
| rise of imperialism, restoration of an old imperial dynasty, looking outwardly, modernize the country as quickly as possible no matter the cost |
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Term
| Rise of imperialism in the late 1800s |
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Definition
diminishing returns,
technological disparity, Social Darwinist and ethnocentrist mentality
(“white man’s burden”) we’re going to Africa but is justified because they need us our religion and our guidance, competing global influence, resulted in scramble for territory, especially in Africa |
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Term
| Independence of colonies after WWII |
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Definition
| US emerges as new hegemonic power, dominant state within world-system core, which came to be called the First World |
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Term
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Definition
| war resulted because of reluctance by the British to relinquish colonial powers, decolonialization smooth formerly imprisoned Mau Mau leader Jomo Kenyatta |
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Term
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Definition
| 1950s war between France and Vietnamese/Cambodians/Laotians |
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Term
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Definition
| economic, political struggles by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend influence over other areas or people |
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Term
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Definition
| networks of labor and production processes that originate in extraction or production of raw materials |
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Term
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Definition
| consequences of free trade with unequal infrastructure/ability to compete (e.g. NAFTA forcing Mexican farmers out of work and leading to illegal immigration) |
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Term
| "Fast World" vs "Slow World" economic processes |
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Definition
1)15% of population consisting of people, places, regions directly involved as producers and consumers in TNC industry
2)accounting for 85% of world’s population consists of peoples, places, and regions whose participating in transnational industry, modern telecommunications, material consumptions, international news and entertainment is limited |
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Term
| Jihad vs McWorld by Benjamin Barber |
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Definition
| basic thesis – McWorld is short hand for popular culture and shallow materialism that is part of western capitalist modernization; Jihad short hand for cultural values pinned by religious fundamentalism, traditional tribal alliances, opposition to western materialism |
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Term
| Concept of Interdependence |
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Definition
how environment shapes and is shaped by
people |
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Term
| Places as social construction |
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Definition
| given different meanings by different people for different purporses |
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Term
| Individuality, Sense of Community |
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Definition
| on going tension between the two, communal ways in a community, drawing on particular images and particular histories of places in order to lend distinctiveness |
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Term
| Exclusion and Stereotyping |
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Definition
| negative consequence of topophilia, could be so proud of that location that they stereotype and exclude other nations, reinforce who they are contrasting themselves with places and people they feel very different from them |
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Term
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Definition
| conceptually, but also physically Arc de Triumph, key part of systems of meaning through which we make sense of the world |
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Term
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Definition
| establishing rules for things like economic environment and market boundaries, persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location |
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Term
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Definition
| between countries, source of stimulation, people protecting what they think belongs to them |
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Term
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Definition
| study of people’s sense of territoriality, the scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs |
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Term
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Definition
| personal space, the phenomena of it, strong territorial urge |
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Term
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Definition
| Proxemics studies of cultural and social meanings given to personal space, and has to do with overcrowding effects |
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Term
| Territoriality and regulation through rules and laws |
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Definition
| territoriality is a product of forces that stem from social relations and cultural systems, it facilitates classification and enforcement, gives tangible form to power and control, but does so in such a way that directs attention away from the personal relationships between the control and controllers |
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Term
| Cognitive organization of geographic information |
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Definition
Paths, Edges, Districts,
Nodes, Landmarks most people don’t have a picture perfect memory so they think about it using these forms, what people see in their minds when they think of a particular place or setting |
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Term
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Definition
| perception of a place, mall example, people’s image of place shape particular aspects of their behavior |
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Term
Role of peoples’ values and feelings in decision making about location of
residences, jobs, decisions of where to shop |
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Definition
| because of an ambiance, produced from direct experience or indirect information |
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Term
| Perceptions of Plains and West |
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Definition
| in attracting settlement prosperity and open land, so that people want to settle out there |
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Term
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Definition
| preferences for their home areas and other big cities |
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Term
| Cognitive/folk knowledge of weather and different perceptions |
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Definition
| way people perceive the weather and outlooks on life, some tend to change the unpredictable into the knowable by imposing order where none truly exists |
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Term
| sentimental and symbolic attributes tied to place |
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Definition
| (affective bonds and topophilia) people build up affective bonds with places through cumulative effects of cultural influences and significant personal events; loves of place |
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Term
| landscapes and differences in meaning |
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Definition
| different landscapes have different meaning for different people, a landscape can be many different images |
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Term
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Definition
| Red Square in Moscow, Tiananmen Square Beijing showing the power of the state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Times Square, Eiffel Tower |
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Term
| D.W. Meingi's Three symbolic landscapes of America |
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Definition
| Stereotypical New England landscape, Main Street of Middle America, Suburbia |
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Term
| Cultural Landscape (Humanistic Approach to geography) |
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Definition
| (based on perceptions) places individual at the center of analysis esp individual values, meaning symbolic meanings, and conscious acts |
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Term
| Landscape as text (semiotic) |
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Definition
(messages about identity, values, beliefs,
and practices from signs on the landscape) practice of reading and writing signs, assumes that innumerable signs are embedded in landscape, space, and place, sending messages about identity, values, beliefs, and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| state designed landscape for meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| Yi-Fu Tuan, Hindus and sacred rivers, Muslims and Makkah (Mecca), Lourdes |
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Term
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Definition
| forward-looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific discovery and commerce began to displace the traditional sociocultural views of the world that had emphasized mysticism, romanticism, and fatalism |
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Term
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Definition
| established belief in human progress and sovereignty of scientific meaning |
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Term
| Fatalism vs. self-determination |
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Definition
| everything has a fate versus the idea of free will and making your own |
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Term
| Marinetti and the Futurist Manifesto |
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Definition
| launched an art movement, futurism, that rejected the past; celebrated speed, machinery, violence, youth and industry, and sought the modernization and cultural rejuvenation of Italy |
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Term
| Agricultural Modernization |
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Definition
| changing the landscapes, breaking down the traditional village to larger mechanized landscapes |
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Term
| Globalization and place making |
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Definition
| processes brought about generalizations of certain forms of industrial production, market behavior trade, and consumption but also reinforced and extended commonalities between places |
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Term
| Influence telecommunications |
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Definition
| created global markets in film, music, tv, and the Internet; diffused certain values and attitudes towards a wide spectrum of sociocultural issues |
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Term
| standardizations of legal practices and trade |
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Definition
| criminal justice, environmental regulation, and civil rights |
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Term
| Cultural geography of cyberspace |
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Definition
| idea of dispersion of ideas throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
| view of the world that emphasizes openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment; consumption-oriented, emphasis on possession of specific combination of things and on style of consumption; living for the moment |
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Term
| material culture as a social maker |
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Definition
| person's home, automobile, clothing, reading, viewing, eating and drinking preferences, and choice of vacations are all indicators of that person's distinctiveness, sense of style |
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Term
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Definition
| advertising, publishing, communication media, popular entertainment - have become important shapers of landscapes, spaces, and places |
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Term
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Definition
| an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures |
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Term
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Definition
| economic and cultural globalization has meant that places and regions throughout world increasingly trying to influence ways in which they are perceived by tourists, businesses, media firms, consumers |
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Term
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Definition
| make-over trying to be competitive call for people to come |
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Term
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Definition
| Amsterdam, late 1980s arts and civic complex, placed in a declining in east-central part of the city |
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Term
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Definition
| bringing wealth back to an area, raising taxes |
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