Term
| Name three factors contributing to the shift from beef to chicken consumption. |
|
Definition
1) Relative Decline in Price
2) Health Issues (consumption of red meat)
3) Chicken consumed in many new and different forms (processed, chicken nuggets) |
|
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Term
| What happened to chickens produced on family farms? What are the issues associated with this? |
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Definition
They are now under contract to multi-national food producers.
Farmers bear the risk, but see little profit. No leverage in market, but have to meet quality standards set by producers. |
|
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Term
| The average family food budget now includes ____% take-out and restaurant foods. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are chickens different than 100 years ago? |
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Definition
They are fed carefully, with a regulated diet.
Strict Disease Control.
Kept in regulated encironments.
Live weight is 50% greater than 50 years ago.
Labor input has declined by 80%. |
|
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Term
| ___ companies account for ___ of US chicken production. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is the leading producer of chicken and who to they sell most to? |
|
Definition
| US: Japan, China and Russia. |
|
|
Term
| Where is there increasing competition and big markets for chicken production? |
|
Definition
Increasing: Thailand, Brazil, China.
Big Markets: China and Eastern Europe. |
|
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Term
| Chicken is a Segmented Industry meaning.. |
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Definition
| US has a preference for breasts ;) So they export the wings, legs and feet. |
|
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Term
| In what ways is agriculture constrained by the environment? |
|
Definition
Soil quality,
Water availability,
Temperature,
Length of growing season,
And terrain. |
|
|
Term
| How does agriculture affect the environment? |
|
Definition
Irrigation,
Ground Water Use,
Pollution |
|
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Term
| What percentage of people in Core Countries earn their "livelihoods" from agriculture compared to most peripheral countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Agriculture was treated as quite isolated from broader economic system. Is this still true? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
No it is not.
It is seen as part of a broad production system. |
|
|
Term
| Name five food production systems discussed in lecture. |
|
Definition
1) Hunting and Gathering
2) Slash and Burn Agriculture
3) Pastoral nomads
4) Intensive subsistence Agriculture
5) Commercial Agriculture |
|
|
Term
| Describe Hunting and Gathering. |
|
Definition
Typical of earliest cultures. Now largely disappeared.
Foraging for fish and game and gathering fruits, nuts, berries and vegetables. |
|
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Term
| Describe Slash and Burn agriculture. |
|
Definition
Form of subsistence agriculture, where people produce their own food.
Shifting cultivation, clearance of a plot of land, burning the ground cover to provide nutrients.
Land used for several years, then abandoned as people move onto the next plot.
Combination of crops, tubers and root crops in tropical areas: grain crops and vegetables elsewhere. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Pastoral Nomads. |
|
Definition
Another form of substinence agriculture, people live by herding animals.
Shifting location associated with availability of forage and water.
Frequently seasonal. |
|
|
Term
| Where are pastoral nomads present? |
|
Definition
| Characteristic of grassland regions (Africa, Middle East, Interior Asia) |
|
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Term
| Describe Intensive Subsistence Agriculture. |
|
Definition
"Chicken and Egg". Agricultural cahnge that allows population to grow? or is it population growth that forces agriculture to be more efficient?
Much more intensive usse of land, sustaining higher population denisities. Settled agriculture-usually in villages. Still prducing food for local consumption. Multiple crops on the same land with some rotation to avoid depletion of soils. Most charcteristic of intensive rice production in E, SE, and S. Asia, but also true elsewhere without rice as the dominant crop. |
|
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Term
| Describe Commercial Agriculture |
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Definition
| There has been a shift away from local production for local food supply to a more global pattern of production for consumption outside the region or country. This dominated in the core countries and is important in export sectors in the periphery and semi-periphery. |
|
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Term
| What is an example of a global market for food crops? |
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Definition
-Fruits and vegetables in US grocery stores come from all over the world.
-Fish increasingly farmed and shipped (shrimp and salmon)-Example of the blue revolution |
|
|
Term
| Name the three agricultural revolution. |
|
Definition
1) Sedentary Agriculture
2) Industrial agriculture
3) Chemical and Biological agriculture |
|
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Term
| Describe Sedentary Agriculture. When did it occur? Where are the changes most characteristic of? |
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Definition
| The first agricultural revolution. It occurred as early as 7000 BCE. It was the domestication of plants (wheat, maize, rice) and animals (sheep, goates, later water buffalo and horses). Many different heart areas for these innovation, but the changes are most characteristic of flood plains in fertile river valleys (Tigris, Euphrates [fertile crescent] and Nile). |
|
|
Term
| Describe Industrial agriculture. When did it occur? |
|
Definition
| The second agricultural revolution entails the transformation of subsistence agriculture in tandem with the industrial revolution. Changed in late 18th and 19th centuries. Dramatic increases in crop and livestock yield, or scientific farming. Improved technology for agriculture, ploughs. Creation of new imputs like fertilizer and field drainage. Necessary to feed growing industrial and urban population. End of 19th centure, new machines (tractors, combine harvesters, reapers, threshers) replaced labor with techonology. Increased productivity: released labor for industrial and service work. |
|
|
Term
| Describe chemical and biological agricutlture. When did it develop and explain the spread. |
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Definition
| The THIRD agricultural revolution involves use of chemical and later biological elements to improve productivity. Chemicals used in the form of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. Developed in the US in the 1950's, spread rapidly to other core countries in 1960's and to parts of the periphery by the 1970's. Expensive, based on petrochemcials. Considerable ecological impact. |
|
|
Term
| Name one important dimension associated with the green revolution. |
|
Definition
| The use of chemicals to improve yields complemented by the application of biology. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Green Revolution. When was it initiated? When was it expanded? |
|
Definition
| Systematic attempt to expand food production by the development of new high yielding strains of grain crops. It was initiated in the 1940's in Mexico as an attempt to increase wheat production. It expanded dramatically in the 1960's to include rice and maize. Not successful in application to other grain crops, like millet and sorghum (which are African staples.) |
|
|
Term
| How much did Rice production raise in Asia between 1965 and 1985 because of the Green Revolution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 4 advantages to the Green Revolution. |
|
Definition
- Improved Food Supply
-Much Higher yields per acre (2 to 5x greater productivity) and per worker
-Surplus production for export in some countries
-Faster maturing crops enables multiple crops per year |
|
|
Term
| Name 7 Disadvantages associated with the Green Revolution. |
|
Definition
1) Reliance on reliable water supply
2) Reliance on chemical fertilizer
3) Decreased need for human labor.
4) Susceptibility to pests and diseases
5) Taste (less nutritious, palatable or flavorful).
6) Favors wealthier farmers and wealthier areas over poorer because of input costs
7) Local production may not be able to compete with imports |
|
|
Term
| Name the five elements in the food productino supply chain. |
|
Definition
1) Agricultural inputs: labor, technology, fertilizer, energy
2) Farm production: size, quality of farmland, type of crops, labor
3) Product Processing: Washing and grading, freezing and packin, slaughtering
4) Food Distribution: Wholesalers, retailers
5) Food consumption: dietary tastes and preferences, purchasing power, population growht, household strucutre, employment. Consumption of prepared food. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four mediating factors that affect the Food Production supply chain (5 things). |
|
Definition
1) physical environment: soil quality, water supply, climate, topography
2) state’s farm policies: national government affects land tenure and land inheritance systems, may affect product prices through subsidies for production and price supports.
3) credit/financial markets: availability of credit for farmers (machinery, seed), market for agricultural land (mortgages)
4) international food trade: international markets, food aid, export subsidies. |
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|
Term
| Name three case studies that embody political Geography. |
|
Definition
Sri Lankan Cricket Team,
Somali Pirates,
Democratic Republic of Congo |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the "Sri Lankan Cricket Team". What are some possible motives? |
|
Definition
Gunmen attempted to kill the team on their way to a match in Pakistan. Took place in Indian/Pakistan broder city. Possible Motives: Sri lanka has been in cicil war for two decades, w/ ETHNIC TAMILS fighting against the government, dominated by the SINHALESE. Government captures last major settlement controlled by rebels a week before the shooting.
Pakistan has been frontline for "global war on terror". Has had very ineffective control over border provinces with Afghanistan significant taliban presence.
India and Pakistan don't like ach other since 1947 when they left England's control. Pakistans "supposedly" were the cause of a Massacre in India two moths prior.
Who Dun It?
Tamil Rebels, Taliban, Indian retaliation. Each has significant conflicts. But nobody knows. |
|
|
Term
Briefly describe the Somali Pirates. Why has piracy made a comeback?
What three people make up pirates. |
|
Definition
2 major vessels and 100 smaller ones were held for ransom last year by Somali pirates. One major vessel was carrying oil from Saudi and the other was carrying russian battle tanks from Ukraine to Kenya.
Piracy has made a comeback over the past 10 years because of
1) The collapse of the Somali national government caused no control over their territory of land or water. Local clan warlords and Ethiopian troops are trying to make peace, however the troops were recently evacuated, and It is a FAILED STATE and
2) The collapse of the state has meant that foreign fisherman can come and illegally fish in Somali waters. This displace Somali fishermen, who turned to become pirates. ARGH!
To be a pirate, you need a FISHERMAN who knows the water, MUSCLE to board this ships and hurt people and GEEKS to run the boat with GPS, satellite phones and modern vessels. |
|
|
Term
| How do pirates get their weapons? |
|
Definition
| Plenty are available in Somalia, others are smuggled from Aden. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is suspected that businessmen from Dubai are to blame. |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent piracy? |
|
Definition
| Naval vessels from several countries now patrolling the Gulf of Aden. |
|
|
Term
| Tell me about the Democratic Republic of Congo. What problems is it facing. |
|
Definition
| Described as THIRD WORLD WAR. It lasted from 1998-2003 and was a conflcit involved 9 countries and left an estimated 5 million people dead. It was the worsening of ongoing problems since the independence from Belgium in 1960. SECESSION MOVEMENT by resource rich province of KATANGA (south east DR Congo) immediately after independence. Recent war derives from spillover of genocide in neighboring Rwanda in 1994. Ineffective government control of the region. Largest, most expensive and heaviest armed UN peacekeeping force deployed to stop the conflict. |
|
|
Term
| How many people died in the "Third World War" of DR Congo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organization of cities: from center to outskirts |
|
Definition
| City center: High Volume Retailing, then facotires, then warehousing, residential is farthest from center. |
|
|
Term
| Organization of city (center-outskirts)shows: |
|
Definition
| The pattern of land value as well as land use. The city center has the most expensive land and it gets cheaper as you move away. (Negative exponential decay) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most expensive housing? |
|
Definition
| On cheaper land. Two reasons (1) More land can be purchased when it is cheap (2) There is more $$ left over to be spent on the house if a very small amount of money was spent on the land. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the people who can least afford housing live? |
|
Definition
| They cluster around where the jobs are: the city center. Living by their work also means that they will spend less money on transportation since they can walk or ride the bus. |
|
|
Term
| What is unusual about the organization of Los Angeles? |
|
Definition
| The downtown area (city center) is not very exciting, but Westwood and areas on the edge ARE exciting and where the commercial/retail businesses are. |
|
|
Term
| US cities are known for their ______ skylines while European cities are known for their ______ skylines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of European cities: |
|
Definition
| There is greater neighborhood stability (less change over time). Families tend to stay in the same place/city. |
|
|
Term
| Cities in the periphery vs. the core |
|
Definition
| (1) Population Density - higher in peripheral cities, lower in the core (2) Public Services - EX: transportation systems, lower in periphery and higher in the core (3) Types of Commerce - periphery is mainly street vendors, sells hand crafted items, more street markets (4) City Planning - peripheral cities are unplanned, core cities ARE planned (5) Economic make-up - peripheral cities have huge disparities of wealth and poverty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physical space occupied by a political unit (country). That territory is bounded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined the territory of the two adjacent units (Ex: 49th paralles is the boundary in west for the US and Canada) |
|
|
Term
| ______ is a political entity, a government that exercises sovereignty over territory within its borders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) Conduct foreign policy (2) national defense |
|
|
Term
| ____ refers to the characteristics of a population. Explain. |
|
Definition
| Nation. It reflects a group of people with shared experience, common values and a sense of belonging, generally to a state. |
|
|
Term
| When nation and state are linked, this is a ______. How often is this the case? |
|
Definition
| Nation-state. Few states where the nation and the state are coincident: Japan, Iceland, Somalia. Most states are multi-national or multi-ethnic and this can create a variety of problems. |
|
|
Term
| The world map presents a ______. |
|
Definition
| false picture of political continuity |
|
|
Term
| Recent break-ups on the map are: |
|
Definition
| (1) Break-up of the Soviet Union created 15 new states (2) Break-up of Yugoslavia created 7 |
|
|
Term
| Where are there boundary disputes? |
|
Definition
| On every continent, including Antarctica. |
|
|
Term
| Only one South American state, _____, has the same boundaries it did when it came independent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are claims of _______ in many states for self-government. Where? |
|
Definition
| Ethnic minorities. In both the core and the periphery. Mre likely to be resolved peacefully in the the core. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typical argument is the state evolves around a ‘core’ region – Paris (Ile de France), London (SE England). Influence and control gradually spreads outward to adjacent regions. This is true of middle-sized European states, with centralized governments. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the spread of Russia from 1462-present. |
|
Definition
| Today, it is a huge state. In 1462, its core was the Duchy of Muscovy (15,000 sq. mls.): by 1914, it had expanded to 8.5 million sq. mls. Expanded through a series of territorial acquisitions. Initially, north and west to exploit natural resources – timber and fur. By end of 17th century, eastward expansion including vast area of Siberia to the Pacific, Arctic and Caspian seas by conquest and annexation. Westward (Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and W. Ukraine) and southward expansion (towards warm water ports on the Black Sea) under Catherine the Great and Peter the Great. Capital moved to St. Petersburg in 1713: remained there until 1918. Territorial expansion completed in 19th century with acquisition of North Caucasus, Kazakhstan and Far East. Empire incorporates 100 ethnic minorities. |
|
|
Term
| Most empires created by European expansion overseas, leads us to _____ and _______. |
|
Definition
| Colonialism and imperialism |
|
|
Term
| Competition betweeen core states, original phase at the end of the 15th century... |
|
Definition
| Spain and Portugal divide up the world and Europeans take control of the Americas. Portugal gets Brazil: Spain gets the rest of North and South America. (Treaty of Tordesillas) |
|
|
Term
| European empires between 1620 and 1750: |
|
Definition
| Britain, France and Netherlands become imperial states, mainly in the Caribbean. Scramble for sugar. Need for labor created the slave trade, part of the triangular trade between Africa, Americas and Europe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scramble for Africa. Congress of Berlin 1884 European powers carve up the map of Africa. Create most of the current state boundaries (irony is that most African boundaries are older than most European). |
|
|
Term
| How do colonies differ from empires? |
|
Definition
| They include large numbers of settlers from the core country (US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of decolonlization: |
|
Definition
| US independence from Britain, 1776 (those revolting colonies!). Early 19th century revolts against Spain and Portugal in the Americas. Most other regions become independent after 1945. Indian sub-continent in 1947, India and Pakistan separate reflecting religious differences. SE Asian French territories given independence in 1954. Most of Africa decolonized after 1960. Political independence did not necessarily translate into economic independence. |
|
|
Term
| Boundaries of Urbanization |
|
Definition
| (1) High levels of urbanization in core countries (2) change in rates greatest in areas w/ lowest level of urbanization (3) colonialism and imperialism - shades of replication |
|
|
Term
| United States has no ________ city. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| media & finances, it is a global city. |
|
|
Term
| US Population spread 1790-present |
|
Definition
| -1790: pop. concentrated in NE mostly along coast. -1830: pop. spreading W, growth around Erie Canal (new, faster transportation) -1870: Continued western expansion. New Orleans, St. Lous, metropolitan area of Chicago. Development of the manufacturing belt. -1920: Manufacturing belt at its height. More settlement on W coast (LA, Seattle, Portland). Dallas becomes the Chicago of the south, with cattle, wheat and railroads. -1960: Denver, Salt Lake City, Albequerque. Rapid growth in Florida (Miami) Increased growth on W Coast. |
|
|
Term
| Majority of urban growth in the US: |
|
Definition
| Seattle, San Diego... Pacific NW, SW, Denver, Phoenix, the South. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) World (global) scale (2) National scale (3) Community scale (4) Personal scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) Nominal location - what we call places (2) Absolute location - Latitude/longitude (3) Relative Location - how places are related to one another in terms of cost, time, or accessibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) Formal regions - defined by the presence of one or more common characteristics ex Spanish speaking world (2) Functional regions - defined by the flows or movements between one place and a set of other places |
|
|
Term
| **The changing global context** |
|
Definition
| (1) relatively little change in the core (2) External area disappears (3) Periphery gets relatively smaller (4) Semi-periphery expands |
|
|
Term
| **4 distinct elements of contemporary globalization** |
|
Definition
| (1) New International Division of Labor (2) Internationalization of Fincance (3) New technologies (4) Global Consumer Markets |
|
|
Term
| Is the definition of "urban" the same across the globe? |
|
Definition
| No, there is no agreed upon definition and it varies from country to country. |
|
|
Term
| It is estimated that _____ the world population lives in urban settlements. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid growth in world urbanization |
|
Definition
1900 - 13% of population (220 million)
1950 – 29% (732 million
2005 – 49% (3.2 billion)
USA 5% urban in 1800, 50% in 1900 and just under 80% today. |
|
|
Term
| Two notes about urbanization: |
|
Definition
| (1) proportion of population who are urban has increased over time, but (2) there has been growth in total population at the same time. Therefore the numbers of people living in urban places worldwide has risen 16x since 1900. |
|
|
Term
| Levels of urbanization are ____ in the core regions. How much? |
|
Definition
| High. typically 80% or higher in most of Western Europe, North America and Japan. High levels are no longer exclusive to the core – S. Korea, Taiwan, Australia and parts of the Middle East have similar levels. |
|
|
Term
| Latin America surprisingly _____ urbanized. Compare/contrast with Europe. |
|
Definition
| heavily. 77% vs Europe 73%. |
|
|
Term
| Regions with low levels of urbanization: |
|
Definition
| Africa and Asia (with exceptions) |
|
|
Term
| Where are rates of urban growth highest? Lowest? |
|
Definition
| Opposite of levels of urbanization: Rates of urban growth are highest in Africa and Asia, while urban growth now slow in core countries. |
|
|
Term
| Change in the distribution of world's largest cities... |
|
Definition
| In 1950, 20 of the 30 largest cities in the core, including the five largest, and nine were in Europe. By 2010, only eight of the 30 largest cities are projected to be in the core, with only three in Europe. No European city is projected to be in the top 20. e.g. Mumbai (Bombay) India, 2.1 M in 1950, projected to be 20 M in 2010, second only to Tokyo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All major functions - government, commercial, industrial, and services - located in one place. Urban systems dominated by one single large city. True in both the core and periphery. EX: France, Portugal, Philippines, Bangladesh. |
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