Term
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Definition
| the process by which cells of the epiblast give rise to the three embryonic germ layers |
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Definition
| process by which two sex cells fuse to form new individual |
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Term
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Definition
| thick extracellular membrane outside an eggs plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of cells that surround the egg and nurture it before and just after ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicle at the head of sperm cells containing digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental stage where zygote divides repeatedly |
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Term
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Definition
| number of smaller cells formed by clevage of the zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled cavity in the centre of a mass of blastomeres |
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Term
| blastula (blastocyst in mammals) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the initial, loosely packed ball of cells that results from early clevage |
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Term
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Definition
| blastomeres huddle together to form a compact ball of cells, stablized by gap junctions (outside of mass) and tight junctions (inner cells of mass) |
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Term
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Definition
| mass of cells located at polar end of embryo, gives rise to extracellular membranes and subsequent fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost embryonic membrane created by trophoblast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the ultimate destination of an undifferentiated cell |
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Term
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Definition
| early differentiation, cell acquires specific traits but can still be influenced by environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cell becomes irriversibly commited |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of part of the embryo can be compensated for by remaining similar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of a portion of the embryo would lead to failure of development of the final structures those cells were determined to become |
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Term
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Definition
| characterizing feature of gastrulation in mammals, faint groove along longitudinal axis of germ disc |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of the three germ layers during development |
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Term
| primary sex determination |
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Definition
| instruction of the primordial gonads to develop into testes |
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Term
| secondary sex determination |
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Definition
| external genitalia instructed to develop by hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| both male and female traits present |
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Term
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Definition
| 46 XY individual with female genitals/characteristics |
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Term
| female pseudohermaphodism |
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Definition
| 46 XX with ambiguous/male genetalia |
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Term
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Definition
| translocation of Y chromosome to X chromosome, chimerism of XX and XY zygotes |
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Term
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Definition
| causes infertility by changing patterning of wolffian and mullerian ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| causes gonal abnormalities, decreased sperm count, early female puberity, breast cancer predisposition |
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Term
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Definition
| irregular cell shape, loosely packed, scattered within a matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| regular cell shape, tightly packed, simple or stacked sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling by direct contact between inducing and responding cells |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomaldominant c-kit mutation, causes haploinsuffiency |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal dominant MITF mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| premature ossification of structures between developing flat bones of the skull, mutation in FGFR2 |
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Term
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Definition
| altered proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes at epithelial plates in long bones, mutations in FGFR3 |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane receptors that bind to adhesive ECM glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| defective neural migration during development |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate paracrine interactions by diffusing from cell to cell, forming gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| failed or incomplete seperation of the forebrain into distinct left and right hemispheres in early gestation, caused by haploinsuffiency of shh of Gli2 |
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Term
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Definition
| SCs divide to form a specilized cell as well as more stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
| can develop into any and all organism cells |
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Term
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Definition
| can give rise to all cells of the embryo, but not extra-embryonic structures |
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Term
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Definition
| can give rise to multiple cell lineages, but no longer all cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| can give rise to a few different cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| can give rise to only one type of differentiated cell |
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Term
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Definition
| tumours of pigment cells, increased MITF expression |
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Term
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Definition
| tumour of multiple cell lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| tumour originates in epithelial tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| tumour originaltes in mesenchymal tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate cell prolferation and development |
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Term
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Definition
| altered oncogenic miRNAs induced by some viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| normally inactive in normal tissue, but becomes active in tumours |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP analogue that binds to pocket of mutant kinase, blocking its oncogenic activity in some cancers |
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Term
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Definition
| formation on blood vessels de novo from mesoderm tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| TSGs that regulate cell cycle or cause growth inhibition (direct) |
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Term
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Definition
| TSGs that respond to DNS damage (indirect) |
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Term
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Definition
| growth factors that promote cell proliferation by overcoming the brakes of the cell cycle |
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Term
| hutchunson-gilford progeria syndrome |
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Definition
| most sever progeria syndrome, single point mutation in lamin A gene, results in disorginization of nuclear lamina and loss of heterochromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| focused on mapping, sequencing, and analyzing functions of entire genomes |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on 3D protein sturctures |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on dynamic aspects of genes and proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of RNAs transcribed from genome |
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Term
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Definition
| patient receives own cells |
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Term
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Definition
| patient receives donor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| patient receives donor cells from genetically identical donor |
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Term
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Definition
| delivery of DNA using viral vectors |
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Term
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Definition
| delivery of DNA using non-viral methods |
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